Great Sandy Desert

Last updated

Great Sandy Desert
Great Sandy Desert, Australia.jpg
A satellite image of the dunes in the Great Sandy Desert
IBRA 6.1 Great Sandy Desert.png
The IBRA bioregions, with the Great Sandy Desert in red
Area284,993 km2 (110,036 sq mi)
Geography
CountryAustralia
State/Territory
Coordinates 20°S125°E / 20°S 125°E / -20; 125

The Great Sandy Desert is an interim Australian bioregion, [1] [2] located in the northeast of Western Australia straddling the Pilbara and southern Kimberley regions and extending east into the Northern Territory. It is the second largest desert in Australia after the Great Victoria Desert and encompasses an area of 284,993 square kilometres (110,036 sq mi). [3] [4] The Gibson Desert lies to the south and the Tanami Desert lies to the east of the Great Sandy Desert.

Contents

Features

The Great Sandy Desert contains large ergs, often consisting of longitudinal dunes.[ citation needed ]

In the north-east of the desert there is a meteorite impact crater, the Wolfe Creek crater.[ citation needed ]

"Fairy circles", which are circular patches of land barren of plants, varying between 22 and 12 metres (7 and 39 ft) in diameter and often encircled by a ring of stimulated growth of grass, are found in the western part of the desert, in the Pilbara region. It has not yet been proven what causes these formations, but one theory suggests that they have been built and inhabited by Australian harvester termites since the Pleistocene. [5] [6]

Population

The region is sparsely populated. The main populations consist of Aboriginal Australian communities and mining centres. The Aboriginal people of the desert fall into two main groups, the Martu in the west and the Pintupi in the east. Linguistically, they are speakers of multiple Western Desert languages. Many of these Indigenous people were forcibly removed from their lands during the late 18th, 19th, and the early 20th centuries, to be relocated to other settlements, such as Papunya in the Northern Territory. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, some of the original inhabitants returned. Young adults, from the Great Sandy Desert region, travel to and work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture, and a greater sense of community. [7]

Climate

Rainfall is low throughout the coast and, especially further north, is strongly seasonal. Areas near the Kimberley have an average rainfall that exceeds 300 mm (12 in), but can be patchy. Many dry years end with a monsoon cloud mass or a tropical cyclone. Like many of Australia's deserts, precipitation is high by desert standards, but with the driest regions recording total rainfall a little below 250 mm (9.8 in). The heat of Australia’s ground surface, in turn, creates a massive evaporation cycle, which partially explains the higher-than-normal desert rainfall. This region is one which gives rise to the heat lows, which help drive the NW monsoon. Almost all the rain regionally comes from monsoon thunderstorms, or the occasional tropical cyclone rain depression. [8]

Annually, for most of the area, there are about 20–30 days where thunderstorms form. However, in the north and bordering the Kimberley, 30-40 per year is the average. [9]

Summer daytime temperatures are some of the highest in Australia. [10] Regions further south average 38 to 42 °C (100 to 108 °F), except when monsoonal cloud cover is active. Several people have died in this region during seasonal flooding, after their vehicles were stuck or broken down on remote dirt roads. Conversely, a few travellers have had their vehicles malfunction during the hottest times of the year, with dehydration, sun exposure and heatstroke being the predominant causes of death. [11] Winters are short and warm; temperatures range from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F).

Frost does not occur in most of the area. The regions bordering the Gibson Desert in the far southeast may record a light frost or two every year. [12] Away from the coast winter nights can still be chilly in comparison to the warm days.

Climate data for Telfer, Western Australia (temperatures, extremes and rain data 1974 - 2013)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)48.1
(118.6)
47.1
(116.8)
45.1
(113.2)
41.2
(106.2)
38.0
(100.4)
33.9
(93.0)
33.4
(92.1)
36.0
(96.8)
41.3
(106.3)
44.1
(111.4)
46.0
(114.8)
47.5
(117.5)
48.1
(118.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)40.6
(105.1)
38.6
(101.5)
37.3
(99.1)
34.5
(94.1)
29.1
(84.4)
25.3
(77.5)
25.3
(77.5)
28.4
(83.1)
32.7
(90.9)
37.0
(98.6)
39.4
(102.9)
40.2
(104.4)
34.0
(93.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)26.0
(78.8)
25.4
(77.7)
23.9
(75.0)
20.6
(69.1)
15.3
(59.5)
11.9
(53.4)
10.6
(51.1)
12.5
(54.5)
16.5
(61.7)
20.8
(69.4)
23.4
(74.1)
25.4
(77.7)
19.4
(66.9)
Record low °C (°F)17.2
(63.0)
17.7
(63.9)
14.4
(57.9)
11.5
(52.7)
5.6
(42.1)
2.1
(35.8)
3.0
(37.4)
2.5
(36.5)
6.2
(43.2)
10.5
(50.9)
13.0
(55.4)
16.5
(61.7)
2.1
(35.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)49.1
(1.93)
102.7
(4.04)
77.3
(3.04)
20.0
(0.79)
18.5
(0.73)
12.1
(0.48)
13.2
(0.52)
5.4
(0.21)
2.5
(0.10)
2.9
(0.11)
16.5
(0.65)
46.9
(1.85)
370.4
(14.58)
Average precipitation days7.58.75.92.82.72.81.51.10.81.12.45.342.6
Source: Bureau of Meteorology [13]

Economy

Indigenous art is a huge industry in central Australia. Mines, most importantly the Telfer gold mine and Nifty copper mine, and cattle stations are found in the far west. Telfer is one of the largest gold mines in Australia. The undeveloped Kintyre uranium deposit lies south of Telfer.

Fauna and flora

The vegetation of the Great Sandy Desert is dominated by spinifex. [14]

Animals in the region include feral camels and dingoes. Other mammalian inhabitants include bilbies, mulgara, marsupial moles, rufous hare-wallabies, and red kangaroos.

Varied types of lizards occur here, such as goannas (including the large perentie), thorny devils, and bearded dragons.

Some of the bird-life found within the desert include the rare Alexandra's parrot, the mulga parrot and the scarlet-chested parrot. [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Victoria Desert</span> Desert in Western Australia and South Australia

The Great Victoria Desert is a sparsely populated desert ecoregion and interim Australian bioregion in Western Australia and South Australia.

The Pilbara is a large, dry, thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal peoples; its ancient landscapes; the red earth; and its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore. It is also a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gibson Desert</span> Desert in Western Australia

The Gibson Desert is a large desert in Western Australia, largely in an almost pristine state. It is about 155,000 square kilometres (60,000 sq mi) in size, making it the fifth largest desert in Australia, after the Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami and Simpson deserts. The Gibson Desert is both an interim Australian bioregion and desert ecoregion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnarvon xeric shrublands</span> Terrestrial ecoregion in Western Australia

The Carnarvon xeric shrublands is a deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion of Western Australia. The ecoregion is coterminous with the Carnarvon Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) bioregion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Sandy Desert</span> Ecoregion and desert in Western Australia

The Little Sandy Desert (LSD) is a desert region in the state of Western Australia, lying to the east of the Pilbara and north of the Gascoyne regions. It is part of the Western Desert cultural region, and was declared an interim Australian bioregion in the 1990s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanami Desert</span> Desert in Northern Australia

The Tanami Desert is a desert in northern Australia, situated in the Northern Territory and Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deserts of Australia</span> Deserts in Australia

The deserts of Australia or the Australian deserts cover about 2,700,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi), or 18% of the Australian mainland, but about 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain, it is practically desert. Collectively known as the Great Australian desert, they are primarily distributed throughout the Western Plateau and interior lowlands of the country, covering areas from South West Queensland, Far West region of New South Wales, Sunraysia in Victoria and Spencer Gulf in South Australia to the Barkly Tableland in Northern Territory and the Kimberley region in Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coolgardie bioregion</span> Bioregion in Western Australia

Coolgardie is an Australian bioregion consisting of an area of low hills and plains of infertile sandy soil in Western Australia. It has an area of 129,122.09 square kilometres (49,854.32 sq mi). It includes much of the Great Western Woodlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ord Victoria Plain</span> Bioregion in Australia

The Ord Victoria Plain, an interim Australian bioregion, is located in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, comprising 12,540,703 hectares.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yalgoo bioregion</span> Bioregion in Western Australia

Yalgoo is an interim Australian bioregion located in Western Australia. It has an area of 5,087,577 hectares. The bioregion, together with the Avon Wheatbelt and Geraldton Sandplains bioregions, is part of the larger Southwest Australia savanna ecoregion as classified by the World Wildlife Fund.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Western Australia</span>

Western Australia occupies nearly one third of the Australian continent. Due to the size and the isolation of the state, considerable emphasis has been made of these features; it is the second largest administrative territory in the world, after Yakutia in Russia, despite the fact that Australia is only the sixth largest country in the world by area, and no other regional administrative jurisdiction in the world occupies such a high percentage of a continental land mass. It is also the only first level administrative subdivision to occupy the entire continental coastline in one cardinal direction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of the Northern Territory</span> Geography of the Northern Territory region of Australia

The Northern Territory (NT) occupies the north central part of the continent of Australia. The Northern Territory borders are to the west with Western Australia, the Western Australia border being near the 129° east longitude. The NT to the south with the South Australian border being the 26th parallel south latitude. To the east the NT with the Queensland border along the 138° east longitude.

<i>Solanum chippendalei</i> Species of shrub

Solanum chippendalei is a small fruiting shrub in the family Solanaceae, native to northern Australia. It is named after its discoverer, George Chippendale. The fruits, known as "bush tomatoes", are edible and are an important indigenous food, and the aborigines who use them broadcast the seed for later harvesting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Sandy–Tanami desert</span>

The Great Sandy-Tanami desert is a ecoregion of Western Australia extending into the Northern Territory. It is designated as a World Wildlife Fund region.

The Eremaean province is a botanical region in Western Australia, characterised by a desert climate. It is sometimes referred to as the dry and arid inland or interior region of Western Australia It is one of John Stanley Beard's phytogeographic regions of WA, based on climate and types of vegetation who, in "Plant Life of Western Australia" (p. 29-37) gives a short history of the various mappings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Botanical Provinces of Western Australia</span> Botanical regions in Western Australia

The botanical provinces of Western Australia (or Beard's Provinces) delineate "natural" phytogeographic regions of WA, based on climate and types of vegetation. John Stanley Beard, in "Plant Life of Western Australia" (p. 29-37) gives a short history of the various mappings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilbara shrublands</span> Terrestrial ecoregion in Western Australia

The Pilbara shrublands is a deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion in Western Australia. It is coterminous with the Pilbara IBRA region. For other definitions and uses of "Pilbara region" see Pilbara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanami bioregion</span> Region in Australia

Tanami is an interim Australian bioregion, comprising 25,997,277 hectares in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It is part of the Great Sandy-Tanami desert ecoregion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Davenport Murchison Ranges</span> Bioregion in the Northern Territory of Australia

Davenport Murchison Ranges is an interim Australian bioregion located in the Northern Territory. It has an area of 5,805,108 hectares. The bioregion is part of the larger Great Sandy-Tanami desert ecoregion.

References

  1. Environment Australia. "Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 - Summary Report". Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Australian Government. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. IBRA Version 6.1 Archived 2006-09-08 at the Wayback Machine data
  3. "Outback Australia - Australian Deserts". 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  4. "Department of the Environment WA - Refugia for Biodiversity". 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  5. Walsh, Fiona; Bidu, Gladys Karimarra; Bidu, Ngamaru Karimarra; Evans, Theodore A.; et al. (3 April 2023). "First Peoples' knowledge leads scientists to reveal 'fairy circles' and termite linyji are linked in Australia". Nature Ecology & Evolution . Nature Publishing Group. 7 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01994-1. ISSN   2397-334X. PMC   10089917 . PMID   37012380.
  6. Angeloni, Alice (4 April 2023). "Indigenous knowledge leads scientists to reveal 'fairy circles', termites linked". ABC News (Australia) . Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  7. Wilurarra Creative
  8. Prosser, Robert (2007). Australia. Evans Brothers. ISBN   978-0-237-53286-4.
  9. "Western Australia For Everyone: Great Sandy Desert". www.australiaforeveryone.com.au. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  10. Year Book Australia. Aust. Bureau of Statistics. 1954.
  11. World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. ISBN   978-0-7614-7639-9.
  12. "Gibson Desert | desert, Western Australia, Australia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  13. "Climate statistics for Australian locations - Telfer Aero".
  14. "Great Sandy-Tanami Desert". Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.
  15. World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Great Sandy-Tanami desert". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.

Further reading

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Great Sandy Desert at Wikimedia Commons

20°S125°E / 20°S 125°E / -20; 125