Desert exploration

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Desert exploration is the deliberate and scientific exploration of deserts, the arid regions of the earth. It is only incidentally concerned with the culture and livelihood of native desert dwellers. People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia. Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available, and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. Many, such as the Bushmen in the Kalahari, the Aborigines in Australia and various Indigenous peoples of the Americas, were originally hunter-gatherers. Many trade routes have been forged across deserts, especially across the Sahara Desert, and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt, gold, ivory and other goods. Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara. Today, some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts, and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy.

Contents

Many people think of deserts as consisting of extensive areas of billowing sand dunes because that is the way they are often depicted on TV and in films, [1] but deserts do not always look like this. [2] Across the world, around 20% of desert is sand, varying from only 2% in North America to 30% in Australia and over 45% in Central Asia. [3] Where sand does occur, it is usually in large quantities in the form of sand sheets or extensive areas of dunes. [3] The following sections list deserts around the world, and their explorers. Expeditions are listed by their leaders; details of other expedition members may be found via the links.

Africa

Heinrich Barth approaching Timbuktu on September 7, 1853, as depicted by Martin Bernatz. TIMBUKTU-EINZUG.jpg
Heinrich Barth approaching Timbuktu on September 7, 1853, as depicted by Martin Bernatz.

Asia

Australia

North America

Before the European exploration of North America, tribes of Native Americans, such as the Mohave (in the Mojave desert), the Chemehuevi (in the Great Basin desert), and the Quechan (in the Colorado desert) were hunter-gatherers living in the California deserts. [11] European explorers started exploring the deserts beginning in the 18th century. Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan friar, was the first explorer of the Colorado and Mojave deserts in 1776. [12] Garcés recorded information about the original inhabitants of the deserts.

Later, as American interests expanded into California, American explorers started probing the California deserts. Jedediah Smith travelled through the Great Basin and Mojave deserts in 1826, finally reaching the San Gabriel Mission. [13] [14] John C. Frémont explored the Great Basin, proving that water did not flow out of it to the ocean, and provided maps that the forty-niners used to get to California. [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

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The Outback is a remote, vast, sparsely populated area of Australia. The Outback is more remote than the bush. While often envisaged as being arid, the Outback regions extend from the northern to southern Australian coastlines and encompass a number of climatic zones, including tropical and monsoonal climates in northern areas, arid areas in the "red centre" and semi-arid and temperate climates in southerly regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Victoria Desert</span> Desert in Western Australia and South Australia

The Great Victoria Desert is a sparsely populated desert ecoregion and interim Australian bioregion in Western Australia and South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simpson Desert</span> Desert in Central Australia

The Simpson Desert is a large area of dry, red sandy plain and dunes in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Queensland in central Australia. It is the fourth-largest Australian desert, with an area of 176,500 km2 (68,100 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert climate</span> Arid climate subtype in the Köppen climate classification system with very little precipitation

The desert climate or arid climate is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates are dry and hold little moisture, quickly evaporating the already little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of Earth's land area, hot deserts are the second most common type of climate on Earth after the polar climate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mojave Desert</span> Desert in the southwestern United States

The Mojave Desert is a desert in the rain shadow of the southern Sierra Nevada mountains and Transverse Ranges in the Southwestern United States. Named for the indigenous Mohave people, it is located primarily in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada, with small portions extending into Arizona and Utah.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco Garcés</span> Explorer, missionary (1738–1781)

Francisco Hermenegildo Tomás GarcésO.F.M. was a Spanish Franciscan friar who served as a missionary and explorer in the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. He explored much of the southwestern region of North America, including present day Sonora and Baja California in Mexico, and the U.S. states of Arizona and California. He was killed along with his companion friars during an uprising by the Native American population, and they have been declared martyrs for the faith by the Catholic Church. The cause for his canonization was opened by the Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Spanish Trail (trade route)</span> United States historic place

The Old Spanish Trail is a historical trade route that connected the northern New Mexico settlements of Santa Fe, New Mexico with those of Los Angeles, California and southern California. Approximately 700 mi (1,100 km) long, the trail ran through areas of high mountains, arid deserts, and deep canyons. It is considered one of the most arduous of all trade routes ever established in the United States. Explored, in part, by Spanish explorers as early as the late 16th century, the trail was extensively used by traders with pack trains from about 1830 until the mid-1850s. The area was part of Mexico from Mexican independence in 1821 to the Mexican Cession to the United States in 1848.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert pavement</span> Type of desert earth surface

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strzelecki Desert</span> Desert in central Australia

The Strzelecki Desert is located in the Far North Region of South Australia, South West Queensland and western New South Wales. It is positioned in the northeast of the Lake Eyre Basin, and north of the Flinders Ranges. Two other deserts occupy the Lake Eyre Basin—the Tirari Desert and the Simpson Desert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deserts of Australia</span> Deserts in Australia

The deserts of Australia or the Australian deserts cover about 2,700,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi), or 18% of the Australian mainland, but about 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain, it is practically desert. Collectively known as the Great Australian desert, they are primarily distributed throughout the Western Plateau and interior lowlands of the country, covering areas from South West Queensland, Far West region of New South Wales, Sunraysia in Victoria and Spencer Gulf in South Australia to the Barkly Tableland in Northern Territory and the Kimberley region in Western Australia.

Helen Thayer is a New Zealand-born explorer who lives in the United States. In 2009, Thayer was named one of the most important explorers of the 20th century by the National Geographic Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4 Deserts</span>

The 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series is an annual series of four 250-kilometer (155-mile) races across deserts around the globe. The races were recognized as the world's leading endurance footrace series by TIME magazine in 2009 and 2010, as the "Ultimate test of human endurance". The series was founded by American Mary K Gadams who founded RacingThePlanet in 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumtag Desert</span> Desert in northwestern China

The Kumtag Desert, is an arid landform in Northwestern China, which was proclaimed as a national park in the year 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tirari Desert</span> Desert in South Australia

The Tirari Desert is a 15,250 square kilometres (5,888 sq mi) desert in the eastern part of the Far North region of South Australia. It stretches 212 km from north to south and 153 km from east to west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert</span> Area of land where little precipitation occurs

A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to denudation{citation below doesn't support this statement}. About one-third of the land surface of the Earth is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions, where little precipitation occurs, and which are sometimes called polar deserts or "cold deserts". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deserts of California</span> Region of California

The deserts of California are the distinct deserts that each have unique ecosystems and habitats. The deserts are home to a sociocultural and historical "Old West" collection of legends, districts, and communities, and they also form a popular tourism region of dramatic natural features and recreational development. Part of this region was even proposed to become a new county due to cultural, economic and geographic differences relative to the rest of the more urban region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobi Desert</span> Desert in East Asia

The Gobi Desert is a large, cold desert and grassland region in northern China and southern Mongolia and is the sixth largest desert in the world. The name of the desert comes from the Mongolian word Gobi, used to refer to all of the waterless regions in the Mongolian Plateau, while in Chinese Gobi is used to refer to rocky, semi-deserts such as the Gobi itself rather than sandy deserts.

Sucheta Kadethankar from Pune India, who is currently known to be an accomplished Yoga Teacher is also known for becoming the first Indian to walk across the Gobi Desert, on 15 July 2011. She walked a distance of 1,000 miles (1,600 km) in Mongolia, Asia's largest desert. Kadethankar was part of a 13-member team from nine countries The guided expedition was supported by four-wheel drive truck, local Mongolian guides and 12 Bactrian camels.

John Neville Hare was a British explorer, author, and conservationist, known for campaigning for the preservation of the Wild Bactrian camel.

References

https://deserts.fr

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  2. "Habitats: Desert". BBC Nature. 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Desert Features". United States Geological Survey. October 29, 1997. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  4. Roth, Jonathan 2002. The Roman Army in Tripolitana and Gold Trade with Sub-Saharan Africa. APA Annual Convention. New Orleans.
  5. "Photographic image" (JPG). Zianet.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  6. Ted A. Morris. "US Air Force Air Sea Rescue in Saudi Arabia 1950–1951". Zianet.com. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  7. Wikisource-logo.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gobi". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 165.
  8. "Romance Gone, Given Divorce" . The Evening News. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. July 28, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved October 4, 2016 via Newspapers.com. In 1902, while Lesdain was leading an expedition through the Gobi desert, he crossed the path of another explorer. This latter proved to be Miss Mailey who, dressed in men's clothes, commanded her expedition with assurance borne of the safe culmination of many adventures.
  9. "Who Was Roy Chapman Andrews". Roy Chapman Andrews Society. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  10. Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (1969). Hunting for Dinosaurs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-61007-0.
  11. "History & Culture". Mojave National Preserve. National Park Service.
  12. "Fr. Francisco Garces". Profiles in Mojave Desert History. Digital-Desert.
  13. Gilbert, Bil (1973). The Trailblazers . Time-Life Books. pp.  96–100, 107.
  14. Smith, Alson J. (1965). Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826–1829 . New York: John Day Co.
  15. Weiss, Stephen C. (May 1999). "The John C. Fremont '1842, 1843–'44 Report' and Map". Journal of Government Information. 26 (3): 297–313. doi:10.1016/S1352-0237(99)00031-3.