List of circumnavigations

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The Magellan-Elcano expedition was the world's first circumnavigation. Magellan Elcano Circumnavigation-en.svg
The Magellan–Elcano expedition was the world's first circumnavigation.

This is a list of circumnavigations of Earth. Sections are ordered by ascending date of completion.

Contents

Global

Nautical

16th century

  • The 18 survivors, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano, of Ferdinand Magellan's Spanish expedition (which began with 5 ships and 270 men); 1519–1522; westward from Spain; in Victoria. After Magellan was killed by Lapulapu off the Philippines on 27 April 1521, the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on 6 September 1522, after a journey of 3 years and 1 month. [1] These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe.
  • The survivors of García Jofre de Loaísa's Spanish expedition 1525–1536 including Andrés de Urdaneta; westward from Spain. None of Loaísa's seven ships completed the voyage, but Santa María de la Victoria reached the Moluccas before being wrecked in a Portuguese attack. Successive chiefs of the expedition (Loaísa, Elcano, Salazar, Iñiguez, De la Torre) died during the voyages. Andrés de Urdaneta and other fellow men survived, reaching the Spice Islands in 1526, to be taken prisoner by the Portuguese. Urdaneta and three of his men returned to Spain in 1536 aboard Portuguese ships via India, the Cape of Good Hope and Portugal, and completed the second world circumnavigation in history.
  • Hans von Aachen was one of the four survivors of the Loaísa expedition and also one of the 18 survivors of Magellan's expedition, making him the first to circumnavigate the world twice.
  • Francis Drake; expedition against the Spanish Main 1577–1580; westward from England; in Golden Hind; discovered the Drake Passage but entered the Pacific via the Strait of Magellan; first English circumnavigation and the second carried out in a single expedition. Drake was the first to complete a circumnavigation as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation.
  • Martín Ignacio de Loyola; 1580–1584, westward from Spain.
  • Thomas Cavendish; 1586–1588; westward from England; in Desire.
  • Martín Ignacio de Loyola; 1585–1589, eastward from Spain (via Macau (then a Portuguese territory), China, and Acapulco, Mexico) to become the first to circumnavigate the world eastwards and first to use overland routes in his circumnavigation.
  • João da Gama; 1584 (or 1585)–1590; eastward from Portugal; from Lisbon to India, Malacca, Macau (then Portuguese) and Japan. Gama crossed the Pacific at a higher northern latitude; was taken prisoner in Mexico and carried in Spanish ships to the Iberian Peninsula. One of the first to go eastwards, mostly by sea.

17th century

The map of Dampier's circumnavigation produced by Herman Moll (1697) Moll - A map of the world shewing the course of Mr Dampiers voyage round it from 1679 to 1691.png
The map of Dampier's circumnavigation produced by Herman Moll (1697)
The map of Ambrose Cowley's circumnavigation in the 1699 edition of his travels Cowley's Circumnavigation 1699.jpg
The map of Ambrose Cowley's circumnavigation in the 1699 edition of his travels
  • The survivors of the expedition of Jacques Mahu; 1598–1601; westward from Holland; Of Mahu's five ships only one returned.
  • The survivors of the expedition of Olivier van Noort; 1598–1601; westward from Holland; Of Van Noort's four ships only one returned.
  • Francesco Carletti; Florentine merchant; 1594–1602; westward from Italy; travelled across the American continent overland, through Panama. All Carletti's other travel was by sea until he ended in the Netherlands; he travelled from there overland back to Italy. Carletti was perhaps the first to travel all legs as a passenger, not as a ship's officer or a crew member. Carletti described his journey in his autobiography, "My Voyage Around the World", translated into various languages.
  • Joris van Spilbergen; 1614–1617; westward from Holland.
  • Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire; 1615–1617; westward from Holland; in Eendraght; Discovered Cape Horn and the first expedition to enter the Pacific via the Drake Passage.
  • Admiral Jacques l'Hermite and vice-admiral John Hugo Schapenham and rear-admiral Jan Willemszn Verschoor; 1623–1626; westward from Holland.
  • Pedro Cubero; 1670–1679; eastward from Spain; the first maritime circumnavigation including significant travel overland.
  • William Dampier and Ambrose Cowley (English); 1679–1691 and 1683–1686; westward from England, travelling together in parts of their voyages and producing the first maps of the Galapagos Islands while raiding Spanish shipping between Panama and Peru.
  • Gemelli Careri; 1693–1698; eastward from Naples; the first tourist to circumnavigate the globe, paying his own way on multiple voyages, crossing Mexico on land.

18th century

The routes of James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in red, second voyage in green, and third voyage in blue. The route of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line. Cook Three Voyages 59.png
The routes of James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in red, second voyage in green, and third voyage in blue. The route of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line.

19th century

Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev Russia stamp 2020 No. 2591--2592.jpg
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev

20th century

  • The Great White Fleet; 1907–1909; first fleet to circumnavigate the world.
  • HMS New Zealand 1913, first by a Dreadnought era battleship or battlecruiser.
  • Harry Pidgeon; 1921–1925; second single-handed circumnavigation.
  • Conor O'Brien; 1923–1925; in Saoirse, a 20 ton 42 ft ketch, designed by himself and built in Baltimore, Ireland. First small private craft to circumnavigate west to east and south of the three great capes: Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope and Cape Leeuwin SW Australia – the Clipper route. [6]
  • HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, and the rest of the Special Service Squadron; 1923–24; in the Empire Cruise, a tour of the British Empire after World War I.
  • Francesco Aurelio Geraci; 1932–1935; first italian to circumnavigate the globe with his little wooden ship M.A.S. (Memento Audere Semper). [7]
  • Harry Pidgeon; 1932–1937; third single-handed circumnavigation, first person to circumnavigate solo twice (1921–1925 and 1932–1937).
  • Electa and Irving Johnson; 1934–1958; sail training pioneers, circumnavigated the world seven times with amateur crews.
  • Vito Dumas; 1942; single handed circumnavigation of the southern oceans, including the first single handed passage of all three great capes.
  • Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation.
  • Operation Sea Orbit; 1964; USS Enterprise, USS Long Beach, and USS Bainbridge; first circumnavigation by an all-nuclear naval task force.
  • 1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation; 1966; K-133 and K-116 ; first underwater circumnavigation conducted by the Soviet Union.
  • Sir Francis Chichester; 1966–1967; first single-handed circumnavigation with just one port of call.
  • Sir Alec Rose; 1967–1968; single-handed circumnavigation with two stops (in Australia and New Zealand).
  • Leonid Teliga; 1967–1969; single-handed circumnavigation aboard SY Opty.
  • Robin Knox-Johnston; 1968–1969; first single-handed non-stop circumnavigation. [8]
  • Robin Lee Graham; 1965–1970; then youngest (at ages 16–21) solo circumnavigation aboard 24-foot sailboat Dove.
  • Chay Blyth; 1971; first westwards single-handed non-stop circumnavigation.
  • Edward Allcard; 1957–1973; circumnavigation via the three great capes aboard his 36-foot wooden ketch Sea Wanderer.
  • Webb Chiles; solo circumnavigation 6 times, with the first being in 1975–1976
  • Jon Sanders; 1970–2021; completed eleven circumnavigations. [9]
    • 1970 First solo circumnavigation trip east to west mostly sailing through tropics.
    • 1981–82 Double nonstop solo circumnavigation west to east via Southern Ocean.
    • 1986–88 Triple non-stop solo circumnavigation: 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes at sea. Guinness World Records cites this as the longest distance sailed non-stop by any vessel (71,023 nautical miles) [10] [11]
    • 2016–17 Completed 10th circumnavigation at the age of 78, mostly singlehanded. [9]
    • 2019–21 Completed 11th circumnavigation at the age of 81 [9]
  • USS Inchon; ETR-3 crew September 1972 – September 1973 Circumnavigation via Panama Canal Norfolk VA. East to west.
  • Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz; 1976–1978; first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation.
  • Naomi James; 1977–1978; first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation via Cape Horn.
  • Mark Schrader; 1982; completed two solo circumnavigations. In 1982–1983 became the first American to complete a solo circumnavigation via the five southernmost capes. [12] [13]
  • Marvin Creamer; 21 December 1982 – 17 May 1984; only known person to circumnavigate the globe by boat with no nautical aids [14]
  • Bertie Reed – 1982 – the first South African to complete three singlehanded circumnavigations. [15]
  • Nikolay Dzambasov; 1 September 1983 – 25 July 1985; the first Bulgarian to circumnavigate the globe; traveled in a self-made yacht. [16]
  • David Scott Cowper; 1985; first single-handed circumnavigation by motor boat.
  • Peter Freeman; 14 October 1984 – 14 July 1985; Skippered a Hartley 32 ferro-cement sloop Laiviņa, from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 236 days. Set a new Guinness World Record.[ citation needed ]
  • Dodge Morgan; 12 November 1985 – 11 April 1986; Aboard sailboat American Promise, became first American to sail solo around the world, non-stop.
  • Trishna; 28 September 1985 – 10 January 1987; First Indian circumnavigation by an Indian Army Corps of Engineers crew. Also had the first handicapped (one-legged) sailor to sail around the globe. [17] [18] [19]
  • USS Missouri (BB-63); 10 September – 19 December 1986; Circumnavigation of recommissioned battleship for Shakedown prior to operational deployment; port calls at allies in Australia, Turkey, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. As the feat was not subsequently repeated by another battleship, and all battleships are now withdrawn from service and widely regarded as obsolete, this stands as the final global circumnavigation by a major–caliber gun armed battleship. [20]
  • Serge Testa; 1987; an Australian yachtsman who holds the world record for the circumnavigation in the smallest boat, completing the voyage in 1987, in his 11-foot-10-inch (3.61 m) boat, the Acrohc Australis.
  • Teddy Seymour; 1987; aboard sailboat Love Song; the first African-American to complete solo single-handed circumnavigation.
  • Mike Plant; 1987–1991; completed three circumnavigations. [21]
    • 1986–87: Won the BOC Challenge with a time of 157 days aboard Airco Distributor, an Open 50 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin. [22] [23]
    • 1989: Competed in the first Vendée Globe on Duracell, an Open 60 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin. Although eliminated from the race after receiving help with a rudder repair in New Zealand, Plant still set a record for the fastest American to sail single-handed around the world with a time of 135 days. [21] [24]
    • 1990/91: Finished 4th overall in the BOC Challenge, setting the highest mark in a solo-sailing event for an American with a time of 132 days. [21]
  • Tania Aebi; 1985–1987; American woman who completed a solo circumnavigation by the age of 21, one 80-nautical-mile (150 km) stretch with crew disqualified her from an official record.
  • Kay Cottee; 1988; first woman to perform a solo non-stop circumnavigation.
  • David Scott Cowper; 1990; first single-handed circumnavigation via the North West Passage.
  • William (Bill) Deltoris Pinkney III; 1990-1992; Via the 5 Great Capes of the southern oceans. He departed from Boston August 5, 1990. Sailing first to Bermuda, then along the eastern South American coastline, across the Atlantic Ocean to Cape Town, South Africa, across the Indian Ocean to Hobart, Tasmania, across the South Pacific Ocean, around Cape Horn, and up the eastern South American coastline, finally ending up back in Boston. Pinkney sailed a Valiant 47, named "Commitment".
  • Duncan McQueen; 1992–1999; [25]
  • Pat Lawless Snr; 1993–1996 Irish solo sailor, took him 3 years and 3 days in his 32 foot yacht Loon. He returned to Limerick, Ireland at the age of 70 after his solo circumnavigation. [26]
  • Lisa Clayton; 1994–1995; first British woman to sail single-handed and non-stop around the world.
  • Robbie Marshall; 1995-1996; Completed a solo circumnavigation of the world on his Triumph Trophy 1200. It took him 51 weeks, after which he wrote a book about his travels. His trip was the first solo round-world account committed to tape. [27]
  • Brian Caldwell; 1995–1996; '1st-Under-Age-21' to complete solo circumnavigation with stops, completed by age 20.
  • David Dicks; 1996; youngest recognized assisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 41 days.
  • Henk de Velde; 1997; sailed a catamaran eastbound around the world in 119 days, non-stop. He is still the only person in the world to perform this feat single-handed with a catamaran,[ citation needed ] although others have made faster single-handed circumnavigations in trimarans (Ellen MacArthur, 2005, and Francis Joyon, 2008).
  • Cable and Wireless Adventurer; 1998; 74 days, 20 hours, 58 minutes, a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel. [28]
  • Robert E. Case; 1998–2001; American who was the first solo amputee to sail around the world. [29]
  • Amyr Klink; 1998–1999; Brazilian who completed a solo circumnavigation of Antarctica in 88 days.[ citation needed ]
  • Jesse Martin; 1999; youngest recognized unassisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 66 days.
  • Azhar Mansor; 1999; first Malaysian to sail solo around the world.
  • Alex Thomson; 1999; youngest skipper ever to win a round the world race (Clipper 1998–1999).
  • Daniel D. Moreland; 1997–1998; first circumnavigation of sail training vessel Picton Castle.
  • Vinny Lauwers; 1999–2000; 233d 13h 43m 8s; 21760 nm; Vision Quest; first single-handed circumnavigation by a disabled sailor (paraplegic). [30]
  • Wladek Wagner, 1932–1939, first Polish citizen to sail around the world. He wrote the book By the Sun and Stars about the voyage. [31]

21st century

  • Wilfried Erdmann; 14 August 2000 – 23 July 2001 in 343 days; monohull Kathena Nui; solo westward non-stop circumnavigation.
  • Ellen MacArthur; 2001; monohull; circumnavigated singlehandedly as the then fastest woman.
  • Mike Golding; 2001; first person to circumnavigate non-stop in both eastward and westward directions. 1993 World record for a westward circumnavigation, 161 days, Group 4. 2001 Vendee Globe Race 7th position.
  • INS Tarangini; 2003–2004; first Indian sail naval ship to circumnavigate the globe with the theme of "building bridges of friendship across the oceans".
  • Bruno Peyron and crew; 2005; aboard maxi catamaran Orange II ; set the then current windpowered circumnavigation record, 50 days, 16 hours, 20 minute. [8]
  • Ellen MacArthur; 2005; trimaran B&Q/Castorama; then the fastest singlehanded circumnavigation (71 days), is still the fastest woman in 2010. See also 2001. [8]
  • Dee Caffari; first female to sail non-stop round the world westabout and both ways;
    • 2005–2006; first woman to perform a solo westward non-stop circumnavigation, in 178 days. [32]
    • 2008-2009 Vendee Globe Race (Solo Nonstop Eastabout) onboard IMOCA 60 Aviva in 99 days 1 hrs 10 min 57 sec
  • Álvaro de Bazán; 2007; First circumnavigation of the globe by a Spanish warship in 142 years.
  • RMS Queen Mary 2; 2007 world cruise; at 148,528 gross ton, the world's largest passenger ship to circumnavigate the globe.
  • Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540-horsepower multi-fueled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes.
  • Francis Joyon; 2008; 95 ft (29 m) IDEC 2 ; fastest singlehanded multihull circumnavigation at that time, 57 days 13 hours 34 minutes 06 seconds. [8]
  • Michael Perham; 2009; then youngest person (aged 16–17 years) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (with stops, through Panama Canal).
  • Franck Cammas and a crew of 10; 2010; French trimaran Groupama 3; set the fastest maritime circumnavigation at the time, in a time of 48 days, 7 hours 44 minutes and 52 seconds. [8]
  • Dilip Donde (Indian Navy); 2009–2010; first Indian to carry out a solo circumnavigation; stopped in four ports – Fremantle, Lyttelton, Port Stanley and Cape Town. [33]
  • Jessica Watson; 2009–2010; youngest person (aged 16) to perform a solo non-stop southern hemisphere circumnavigation (past Cape Horn).
  • Reid Stowe; 2007–2010; eastbound circumnavigation, 1152 days; longest time spent at sea without resupply or touching land.
  • Minoru Saito; 2008–2011; oldest person (aged 77) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (westbound, past Cape Horn, with stops). He has made eight singlehanded circumnavigations; after the seventh (which was non-stop) at age 71 he was already the oldest.
  • PlanetSolar; 2010–2012; first solar vehicle to circumnavigate the globe.
  • Laura Dekker; 2011–2012; youngest person (aged 14–16 years) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (with stops, through Panama Canal).
  • Jerome Rand, Oct 2017 to June 2018, 271 day, unsponsored, nonstop circumnavigation from Gloucester MA on a Westsail 32 (Mighty Sparrow)
  • British sailor Jeanne Socrates; 2018–2019; oldest woman (aged 77) to single-handedly sail around the world, non-stop without outside assistance, for a year oldest person until Bill Hatfield sailed at a higher age. Also oldest woman at the time (aged 70) to do the same thing 2012–2013, [34] also making her first woman to make solo non-stop unassisted circumnavigation from west coast of North America (Victoria BC, Canada). Oldest, in 2010–2011 (aged 68), to sail single-handedly around the world, with stops. Both were eastbound via Cape Horn. [35]
  • Bill Hatfield; 2019–2020; oldest person (at 81) to sail solo non-stop unassisted single-handedly around the world, also first person (of any age) to sail solo non-stop unassisted single-handedly westabout (westbound) around the world in an under 40ft vessel.
  • Abhilash Tomy (Indian Navy); 2012–2013; first Indian to sail solo, non-stop around the world without outside assistance. Sailed south of the five southernmost capes. [36]
  • Gerry Hughes; 2012–2013; first deaf yachtsman to sail single-handed around the world to pass the five great capes. On 1 September 2012, Hughes left Troon, Scotland to start his eight-month journey across the world. Hughes travel around the world solo, sailed 32,000 miles and became the first deaf yachtsman to passed all five southernmost capes.
  • INSV Tarini (Indian Navy); 2017–2018; six female naval officers sailed south of the five southernmost capes during their Navika Sagar Parikrama expedition; they stopped in Fremantle, Lyttelton, Port Stanley and Cape Town.
  • 2020–2021 Vendée Globe Race a total of 25 sailors completed a solo non-stop circumnavigation and 2 more completed a stopping.
  • Jason Jernigan, Oct 2019 - June 2023 Singlehanded circumnavigation via Panama and South Africa in SV Lora 1972 Alberg 30.

Fastest

  • Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation, and fastest mechanically powered circumnavigation (disputed with Earthrace, 2008), in 60 days 21 hours.
  • Jon Sanders; 1986–1988; holds the world record for completing a single-handed, non-stop, triple circumnavigation, in 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes.
  • Jean-Luc Van Den Heede (French); 2004; fastest westward single-handed circumnavigation, 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds.
  • Adrienne Cahalan (Australian); February–March 2004; fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation (crew of "Cheyenne") 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds.
  • Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540 horsepower multi-fueled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes.
  • François Gabart (French); Nov 2017–Dec 2017; current fastest single-handed circumnavigation, in 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes, 35 seconds.
  • Francis Joyon and crew of five sailors; Dec 2016–Jan 2017; the Maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT; current absolute (wind or mechanically powered) fastest maritime circumnavigation, in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing. Average speed of 26.85 knots (30.71 mph), covering a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles (48,915 km; 30,394 mi).
  • Bill Hatfield (Australian); 22 February 2020; fastest single-handed westbound circumnavigation in a vessel of under 40 feet (12 m) in length: 258 days, 22 hours, 24 minutes, and 9 seconds

Aerial

In 1999, Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones achieved the first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3. Breitling Orbiter 3 aloft.jpg
In 1999, Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones achieved the first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3 .

(Widespread introduction of Very Low Frequency navigational aids)

Spacecraft

Human powered

Motorized transportation is permitted over water and where otherwise needed, but the human-powered distance must be a minimum of 18,000 miles (29,000 km) to qualify for a world record, according to Guinness rules since 2013.[ citation needed ]

Miscellaneous

Non-global

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Kurlansky, Mark. 1999. The Basque History of the World. Walker & Company, New York. ISBN   0-8027-1349-1, p. 63
  2. 1 2
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