HMS Repulse (1916)

Last updated

Renown-7.jpg
Repulse with other capital ships of the Atlantic Fleet on manoeuvres in the 1920s
History
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
NameRepulse
Ordered30 December 1914
Builder John Brown & Company, Clydebank
Laid down25 January 1915
Launched8 January 1916
Commissioned18 August 1916
Identification Pennant number: 34
Motto
  • Qui Tangit Frangitur
  • Who touches me is broken
Nickname(s)Repair [1]
FateSunk by Japanese bombers, 10 December 1941
General characteristics (as built)
Class and type Renown-class battlecruiser
Displacement
Length
  • 750 ft 2 in (228.7 m) p.p.
  • 794 ft 1.5 in (242 m) (o.a.)
Beam90 ft 1.75 in (27.5 m)
Draught27 ft (8.2 m)
Installed power
Propulsion4 × shafts, 2 × steam turbine sets,
Speed31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph)
Crew
  • 967
  • 1,222 (1919)
Armament
Armour
General characteristics (1939)
Displacement34,600 long tons (35,155 t)
Draught29 ft 8 in (9 m)
Installed power8 × boilers, 112,000 shp (84,000 kW)
Propulsion4 × shafts, 4 × steam turbines
Speed31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph)
Range6,650  nmi (12,320 km; 7,650 mi)
Complement1,181
Armament
  • 3 × twin 15 in (381 mm) guns
  • 3 × triple 4 in (102 mm) guns
  • 6 × single 4 in (102 mm) AA guns
  • 2 × quadruple 40 mm (1.6 in) 2-pdr AA guns
Armour
  • Belt: 2–9 in (51–229 mm)
  • Decks: 1–4 in (25–102 mm)
  • otherwise no change
Aircraft carried4 × seaplanes
Aviation facilities1 × aircraft catapult

HMS Repulse was one of two Renown-class battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. Originally laid down as an improved version of the Revenge-class battleship, her construction was suspended on the outbreak of war because she would not be ready in time. Admiral Lord Fisher, upon becoming First Sea Lord, gained approval for her to resume construction as a battlecruiser that could be built and enter service quickly. The Director of Naval Construction (DNC), Eustace Tennyson-d'Eyncourt, quickly produced an entirely new design to meet Admiral Lord Fisher's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ship in 15 months. They did not quite meet that ambitious goal, but the ship was delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Repulse and her sister ship Renown were the world's fastest capital ships upon completion.

Contents

Repulse participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917, the only combat she saw during the war. She was reconstructed twice between the wars; a reconstruction in the 1920s increased her armour protection and made lesser improvements, while another in the 1930s was much more thorough. Repulse accompanied the battlecruiser Hood during the Cruise of the Special Service Squadron on a round-the-world cruise in 1923 to 1924 and protected international shipping during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 to 1939.

The ship spent the first months of the Second World War hunting for German raiders and blockade runners. She participated in the Norwegian Campaign of April to June 1940 and searched for the Bismarck in 1941. Repulse escorted a troop convoy around the Cape of Good Hope from August to October 1941 and was transferred to the East Indies Command. She was assigned in November to Force Z, which was supposed to deter Japanese aggression against British possessions in the Far East. Repulse and her consort, the battleship Prince of Wales, were sunk by Japanese aircraft on 10 December 1941 when they attempted to intercept landings in British Malaya.

In December 2023, a memorial was erected at Teluk Cempedak beach, commemorating both Repulse and Prince of Wales. The memorial was unveiled by the King Abdullah of Pahang. [2]

Design and description

Repulse, circa 1916-1917, after post-trials alterations Repulse-1.jpg
Repulse, circa 1916–1917, after post-trials alterations

Admiral Lord Fisher first presented his requirements for the new ships to the Director of Naval Construction (DNC) on 18 December 1914, before the ships had even been approved. He wanted a long, flared bow, like that on the pre-dreadnought Renown but higher, four 15-inch guns in two twin-gun turrets, an anti-torpedo boat armament of twenty 4-inch (102 mm) guns mounted high up and protected by gun shields only, a speed of 32 knots using oil fuel and armour on the scale of the battlecruiser Indefatigable. Within a few days Fisher increased the number of guns to six and added two torpedo tubes. Minor revisions in the initial estimate were made until 26 December and a preliminary design was completed on 30 December. [3]

During the following week the DNC's department examined the material delivered for the two battleships and decided what could be used in the new design. The usable material was transferred to the builders who had received enough information from the DNC's department to lay the keels of both ships on 25 January 1915, well before the altered contracts were completed on 10 March. [4]

Repulse had an overall length of 794 feet 2.5 inches (242.1 m), a beam of 89 feet 11.5 inches (27.4 m) and a maximum draught of 29 feet 9 inches (9.1 m). She displaced 26,854 long tons (27,285 t) at normal load and 31,592 long tons (32,099 t) at deep load. [5] The Brown-Curtis direct-drive steam turbines were designed to produce 112,000 shaft horsepower (84,000 kW), which would propel the ship at 32 knots (59  km/h ; 37  mph ). During trials in 1916, Repulse's turbines provided 118,913 shp (88,673 kW), allowing her to reach a speed of 31.73 knots (58.76 km/h; 36.51 mph). [6] The ship normally carried 1,000 long tons (1,016 t) of fuel oil but had a maximum capacity of 4,289 long tons (4,358 t). At full capacity, she could steam at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) for 4,000 nautical miles (7,408 km; 4,603 mi). [5]

The ship mounted six 42-calibre BL 15-inch Mk I guns in three twin hydraulically powered gun turrets, 'A', 'B' and 'Y' from front to rear. [5] Her secondary armament consisted of 17 BL 4-inch Mark IX guns, fitted in five triple and two single mounts. Repulse mounted a pair of QF 3-inch 20 cwt [Note 1] anti-aircraft guns mounted on the shelter deck abreast the rear funnel. [7] She mounted two submerged tubes for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedoes, one on each side forward of 'A' barbette. [8]

Repulse's waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour measured 6 inches (152 mm) thick amidships. Her gun turrets were 7–9 inches (178–229 mm) thick with roofs 4.25 inches (108 mm) thick. As designed the high-tensile-steel decks ranged from 0.75 to 1.5 inches (19 to 38 mm) in thickness. After the Battle of Jutland in 1916, while the ship was still completing, an extra inch of high-tensile steel was added on the main deck over the magazines. [9] Repulse was fitted with a shallow anti-torpedo bulge integral to the hull which was intended to explode the torpedo before it hit the hull proper and vent the underwater explosion to the surface rather than into the ship. [10]

Despite these additions, the ship was still felt to be too vulnerable to plunging fire and Repulse was refitted in Rosyth between 10 November 1916 and 29 January 1917 with additional horizontal armour, weighing approximately 504 long tons (512 t), added to the decks over the magazines and over the steering gear. [9] Repulse was the first capital ship fitted with a flying-off platform when an experimental one was fitted on 'B' turret in the autumn of 1917. Squadron Leader Frederick Rutland took off in a Sopwith Pup on 1 October. Another platform was built on 'Y' turret and Rutland took off from it on 8 October. One fighter and a reconnaissance aircraft were normally carried. [11]

Service history

First World War

Repulse was laid down by John Brown, Clydebank, Scotland on 25 January 1915. The ship was launched on 8 January 1916 and completed on 18 August 1916, after the Battle of Jutland. Her construction cost £2,829,087 (£200,250,000 in 2024). [5] She served with the Grand Fleet in the North Sea during the remaining two years of the First World War. Repulse relieved Lion as flagship of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron for the duration of the war. [12]

Second Battle of Heligoland Bight

Repulse in the Firth of Forth serving as the flagship of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, 1918 BRITISH SHIPS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR SP720.jpg
Repulse in the Firth of Forth serving as the flagship of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, 1918

Over the course of 1917 the Admiralty became more concerned about German efforts in the North Sea to sweep paths through the British-laid minefields intended to restrict the actions of the High Seas Fleet and German submarines. A preliminary raid on German minesweeping forces on 31 October by light forces destroyed ten small ships and the Admiralty decided on a larger operation to destroy the minesweepers and their escorting light cruisers. Based on intelligence reports the Admiralty decided on 17 November 1917 to allocate two light cruiser squadrons, the 1st Cruiser Squadron covered by the reinforced 1st BCS (less Renown) and, more distantly, the battleships of the 1st Battle Squadron to the operation. [13]

The German ships, four light cruisers of II Scouting Force, eight destroyers, three divisions of minesweepers, eight Sperrbrechers (cork-filled trawlers, used to detonate mines without sinking) and two trawlers to mark the swept route, were spotted at 7:30 a.m., [Note 2] silhouetted by the rising sun. The light battlecruiser Courageous and the light cruiser Cardiff opened fire with their forward guns seven minutes later. The Germans responded by laying an effective smoke screen. The British continued in pursuit, but lost track of most of the smaller ships in the smoke and concentrated fire on the light cruisers as opportunity permitted. Repulse was detached not long after and raced forward at full speed to engage the enemy ships. She opened fire at about 9:00, [14] scoring a single hit on the light cruiser SMS Königsberg during the battle. [12] When the German battleships SMS Kaiser and SMS Kaiserin were spotted about 9:50 the British broke off their pursuit and Repulse covered their retreat, aided by a heavy fog that came down around 10:40. [15] The ship fired a total of 54 15-inch shells during the battle and scored one hit on the light cruiser Königsberg that temporarily reduced her speed. [16]

On 12 December 1917, Repulse was damaged in a collision with the battlecruiser HMAS Australia. [17] The ship was present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918. [12]

Inter-war period

Repulse in 1919 HMS Repulse (1919) profile drawing.png
Repulse in 1919

Repulse began a major refit at Portsmouth on 17 December 1918 [12] intended to drastically improve her armour protection. Her existing six-inch armour belt was replaced by 9-inch (229 mm) armour plates made surplus by the conversion of the battleship Almirante Cochrane (originally ordered by Chile and purchased after the war began) to the aircraft carrier Eagle. The original armour was fitted between the main and upper decks, above the new armour. Additional high-tensile plating was added to the decks over the magazines. The ship's anti-torpedo bulge was deepened and reworked along the lines of that installed on the battleship Ramillies. The bulge covered her hull from the submerged torpedo room to 'Y' magazine, the inner compartments of which were filled with crushing tubes. The bulges added 12 feet 8 inches (3.9 m) to her beam and 1 foot 4 inches (0.4 m) to her draught. The refit added about 4,500 long tons (4,600 t) to her displacement and raised her metacentric height to 6.4 feet (2 m) at deep load. Three 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinders were also added as well as eight torpedo tubes in twin mounts on the upper deck. Both flying-off platforms were removed. [18] This refit cost £860,684.

Repulse entering Vancouver Harbour during her world tour with Hood and other ships of the Special Service Squadron, 1924 HMS Repulse entering Vancouver Harbour 1924.jpg
Repulse entering Vancouver Harbour during her world tour with Hood and other ships of the Special Service Squadron, 1924

Repulse was recommissioned on 1 January 1921 and joined the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet. In November 1923, Hood, accompanied by Repulse and a number of Danae-class cruisers of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron, set out on a world cruise from west to east via the Panama Canal. They returned home ten months later in September 1924. [12] Shortly after her return the ship's two three-inch AA guns and her two single four-inch gun mounts were removed and replaced with four QF four-inch Mark V AA guns. [19] The Battlecruiser Squadron visited Lisbon in February 1925 to participate in the Vasco da Gama celebrations before continuing on to the Mediterranean for exercises. [20] A squash court was added on the starboard side between the funnels, and a sauna and bubble bath on the quarterdeck for the Prince of Wales' tour of Africa and South America [19] that lasted from March to October. [21] Upon her return, she was refitted from November 1925 to July 1926 and had a high-angle control position (HACP) added to her fore-top. [19]

1930s reconstructions

Repulse in July 1938, from the stern Haifa, result of terrorist acts & government measures. H.M.S. Repulse taken from the docks, marine on guard below British flag.1938.jpg
Repulse in July 1938, from the stern

After Repulse completed her 1926 refit, she remained in commission, aside from a brief refit from July to September 1927, with the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet until she was paid off in June 1932 prior to beginning her reconstruction in April 1933. Most of the existing layers of high-tensile steel that constituted the ship's horizontal armour were replaced by non-cemented armour plates 2.5–3.5 inches (64–89 mm) in thickness and the torpedo control tower was removed from the aft superstructure. [22] A fixed catapult replaced the midships 4-inch triple mount and a hangar was built on each side of the rear funnel to house two of the ship's Fairey III aircraft. One additional aircraft could be carried on the deck and another on the catapult itself. Electric cranes were mounted above each hangar to handle the aircraft. [23]

The four 4-inch AA guns were moved, one pair abreast the rear funnel at the level of the hangar roof and the other pair abreast the fore funnel on the forecastle deck. Four prototype QF 4-inch Mark XV dual-purpose guns were added in twin-gun Mark XVIII mounts abreast the mainmast. Two octuple Mark VI 2-pounder mounts were fitted on extensions of the conning-tower platform abreast the fore funnel. Above these a pair of quadruple Mark II* mountings for the 0.5-inch Vickers Mark III machine gun were added. [23] These mounts could depress to −10° and elevate to a maximum of 70°. The machine guns fired a 1.326-ounce (37.6 g) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2,520 ft/s (770 m/s). This gave the gun a maximum range of about 5,000 yd (4,600 m), although its effective range was only 800 yd (730 m) [24] Repulse received two High-Angle Control System anti-aircraft directors, one Mark II on the fore-top and a Mark I* mounted on a pedestal above the rear superstructure. The two submerged torpedo tubes were removed and the vacant spaces sub-divided and turned into store-rooms. [25]

Repulse in Haifa harbor during the Arab Revolt, July 1938 HMS Repulse LOC matpc 18612.jpg
Repulse in Haifa harbor during the Arab Revolt, July 1938

Repulse was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet when she recommissioned in April 1936. She transported 500 refugees from Valencia and Palma de Mallorca to Marseilles, France in late 1936 after the start of the Spanish Civil War. The ship was present at the Coronation Fleet Review at Spithead on 20 May 1937 for King George VI. Repulse was sent to Haifa in July 1938 to maintain order during the Arab Revolt. She was selected to convey the King and Queen during their May 1939 Canadian Tour and she was refitted between October 1938 and March 1939 for this role. The twin 4-inch AA guns were replaced by two more Mark V guns and two additional quadruple .50-calibre mounts were added. The King and Queen ultimately travelled aboard the liner RMS Empress of Australia while Repulse escorted them on the first half of the journey. [26]

Second World War

At the beginning of the Second World War, Repulse was part of the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet. She patrolled off the Norwegian coast and in the North Sea in search of German ships, as well as to enforce the blockade for the first couple months of the war. [27] Early in the war, the aft triple 4-inch gun mount was replaced with an 8-barrel 2-pounder mount. [28] In late October, she was transferred to Halifax with the aircraft carrier Furious to protect convoys and search for German raiders. Repulse and Furious sortied from Halifax on 23 November in search of the German battleship Scharnhorst after it had sunk the armed merchant cruiser Rawalpindi, but Repulse was damaged by heavy seas in a storm and was forced to return to port. [29] Repulse escorted the convoy bringing most of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to Britain from 10 to 23 December 1939 and was reassigned to the Home Fleet. In February 1940, she accompanied the aircraft carrier Ark Royal on a fruitless search for six German blockade runners that had broken out of Vigo, Spain. [30]

Repulse escorting the last convoy to reach Singapore, December 1941 HMS Repulse escorting a troop convoy A6793.jpg
Repulse escorting the last convoy to reach Singapore, December 1941

Repulse was assigned to support Allied operations during the Norwegian Campaign in April–June 1940. On 7 April, Repulse, along with the bulk of the Home Fleet, was ordered to sea to intercept what was thought to be another attempt to break-out into the North Atlantic. The ship was detached the following day to search for a German ship reported by the destroyer Glowworm, but the destroyer had been sunk by the German cruiser Admiral Hipper before Repulse arrived and she was ordered to rendezvous with her sister Renown south of the Lofoten Islands, off the Norwegian coast. [31] On 12 April, Repulse was ordered to return to Scapa Flow to refuel and she escorted a troop convoy upon her return. [32] In early June the ship was sent to the North Atlantic to search for German raiders and played no part in the evacuation of Norway. [33]

Accompanied by Renown and the 1st Cruiser Squadron, Repulse attempted to intercept the Gneisenau as it sailed from Trondheim to Germany in July. Until May 1941, the ship escorted convoys and unsuccessfully searched for German ships. On 22 May, Repulse was diverted from escorting Convoy WS8B to assist in the search for the Bismarck, but she had to break off the search early on 25 May as she was running low on fuel. The ship was refitted from June–August [34] and received six Oerlikon 20-millimetre (0.79 in) autocannon as well as a Type 284 surface gunnery radar. [28] Repulse escorted a troop convoy around the Cape of Good Hope from August to October and was transferred to East Indies Command. [35]

Force Z

Repulse departing from Singapore on 8 December 1941 HMS Repulse leaving Singapore.jpg
Repulse departing from Singapore on 8 December 1941

In late 1941 Winston Churchill decided to send a small group of fast capital ships along with one modern aircraft carrier to Singapore, to deter expected Japanese aggression. In November, Repulse which was in the Indian Ocean was ordered to Colombo, Ceylon to rendezvous with the new battleship Prince of Wales. The carrier Indomitable, which was assigned to join them, was delayed when she ran aground in the Caribbean. Prince of Wales and Repulse and their escorting destroyers comprised Force Z, which arrived in Singapore on 2 December 1941. On the evening of 8 December, Force Z set out on an attempt to destroy Japanese troop convoys and protect the army's seaward flanks from Japanese landings in their rear. [36]

Force Z was spotted during the afternoon of 9 December by the Japanese submarine I-65, and floatplanes from several Japanese cruisers spotted the British ships later that afternoon and shadowed them until dark. Admiral Sir Tom Phillips decided to cancel the operation as the Japanese were now alerted. Force Z turned back during the evening, after having tried to deceive the Japanese that they were heading to Singora. At 00:50 on 10 December, Admiral Philips received a signal of enemy landings at Kuantan and correspondingly altered course so that he would arrive shortly after dawn. [37]

The crew of I-58 spotted Force Z at 02:20, reported their position, and fired five torpedoes, all of which missed. Based on this report the Japanese launched 11 reconnaissance aircraft before dawn to locate Force Z. Several hours later 86 bombers from the 22nd Air Flotilla based in Saigon were launched carrying bombs or torpedoes. The crew of a Mitsubishi G3M reconnaissance bomber spotted the British at 10:15 and radioed in several reports. The pilot was ordered to maintain contact and to broadcast a directional signal that the other Japanese bombers could follow. [38]

Repulse is at the bottom of the frame, having been hit by a bomb, 10 December 1941 Japanese high-level bombing attack on HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse 1941-12-10.jpg
Repulse is at the bottom of the frame, having been hit by a bomb, 10 December 1941

The first attack began at 11:13 when 250 kilograms (551 lb) bombs were dropped from eight G3Ms from an altitude of 11,500 feet (3,505 m). The battlecruiser was straddled by two bombs, then hit by a third which penetrated through the hangar to explode on the armoured deck below. This inflicted a number of casualties and damaged the ship's Supermarine Walrus seaplane, which was then pushed over the side to remove a fire hazard. Anti-aircraft fire damaged five of the Japanese bombers, two so badly that they immediately returned to Saigon. In the ensuing attacks, Repulse was skilfully handled by her captain, Bill Tennant, who managed to avoid 19 torpedoes as well as the remaining bombs from the G3Ms. [39] However, Repulse was then caught by a synchronised pincer attack by 17 Mitsubishi G4M torpedo bombers and hit by four or five torpedoes in rapid succession. The gunners on the Repulse shot down two planes and heavily damaged eight more, but the torpedo damage proved fatal. [40] At 12:23, Repulse listed severely to port, quickly capsized and went down by the stern [41] with the loss of 508 officers and men. The destroyers Electra and Vampire rescued the survivors, including Captain Tennant. [42]

Wreck

HMS Repulse came to rest at 183 feet (56 m), almost upside down with her starboard side elevated and her port side buried in the seabed at 3°37′N104°20′E / 3.617°N 104.333°E / 3.617; 104.333 . [43] [44] [45] The wreck site was designated as a 'Protected Place' in 2002 under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986, 60 years after her sinking. [46]

Survivors described five torpedo hits on Repulse, four on the port side and one on the starboard side. The four portside hits purportedly were: two amidship, one abreast of the rear turret and one near the propellers. The starboard side hit was amidships. A 2007 diving expedition could confirm only two of the hits by examination of the wreck: the portside hit near the propellers and the starboard hit amidship. Unfortunately, at the time of the expedition, the portside midships section of the wreck was buried in the ocean floor thus the claimed hits there could not be confirmed. However, the area abreast of the port rear turret was accessible and no sign whatsoever of a torpedo hit, as described by survivors, was found. [47]

In October 2014, The Daily Telegraph reported that both Prince of Wales and Repulse were being "extensively damaged" with explosives by scrap metal dealers. [48] In May 2023, it was reported that a Chinese ship, Chuan Hong 68, illegally scavenged the wreck for its low-background steel. [49] [50] In July 2024, this same vessel, Chuan Hong 68, suspected of not only looting the wrecks of Force Z [51] but other World War II wrecks in Asian waters, was back 'working' in the region and was subsequently detained by Malaysia authorities for 'paperwork violations'. [52]

Notes

  1. ↑ "cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 30 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
  2. ↑ The times used in this article are in UTC, which is one hour behind CET, which is often used in German works.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Stephen, p. 103
  2. ↑ "King unveils memorial for HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales". Free Malaysia Today. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  3. ↑ Roberts, pp. 47–48
  4. ↑ Roberts, pp. 45, 47
  5. 1 2 3 4 Burt 1986, p. 297
  6. ↑ Roberts, p. 81
  7. ↑ Raven and Roberts, p. 48
  8. ↑ Roberts, p. 83
  9. 1 2 Burt 1986, p. 294
  10. ↑ Roberts, p. 111
  11. ↑ Raven and Roberts, p. 51
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Burt 1986, p. 302
  13. ↑ Newbolt, pp. 164–165
  14. ↑ Newbolt, pp. 173–175
  15. ↑ Newbolt, pp. 175–176
  16. ↑ Campbell, p. 64
  17. ↑ Roberts, p. 123
  18. ↑ Raven and Roberts, pp. 55–56
  19. 1 2 3 Raven and Roberts, p. 143
  20. ↑ Burt 1993, p. 220
  21. ↑ Burt 1993, pp. 220–221
  22. ↑ Raven and Roberts, pp. 206–207
  23. 1 2 Burt, pp. 210, 213
  24. ↑ "British 0.50"/62 (12.7 mm) Mark III – Japanese 12 mm/62 "HI" Type". navweaps.com. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
  25. ↑ Raven and Roberts, pp. 207, 209
  26. ↑ Burt 1993, pp. 221, 224
  27. ↑ Rohwer, pp. 3, 6
  28. 1 2 Raven and Roberts, p. 217
  29. ↑ Burt 1993, p. 224
  30. ↑ Rohwer, pp. 11, 15
  31. ↑ Haarr 2009, pp. 86, 93, 105
  32. ↑ Haarr 2010, pp. 116, 139
  33. ↑ Rohwer, p. 25
  34. ↑ Burt 1993, pp. 224–225
  35. ↑ Burt 1993, p. 225
  36. ↑ Burt 1993, pp. 226–227
  37. ↑ Stephen, pp. 107–108
  38. ↑ Shores, et al., pp. 113–116
  39. ↑ Shores, et al., pp. 116–120
  40. ↑ Shores, et al., pp. 120–121
  41. ↑ Middlebrook, Martin; Mahoney, Patrick (2014). The Sinking of the Prince of Wales & Repulse: The End of the Battleship Era. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books.
  42. ↑ Stephen, pp. 112–114
  43. ↑ "Royal Navy remembers Pacific tragedy with service over WW2 wrecks". Royal Navy. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  44. ↑ Denlay, p. 6
  45. ↑ "HMS Repulse (1916) Wreck Map". Maritime Quest. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  46. ↑ "Statutory Instrument 2006 No. 2616 The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2006". Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
  47. ↑ Denlay, pp. 6–8
  48. ↑ Ryall, Julian & Gunter, Joel (25 October 2014). "Celebrated British warships being stripped bare for scrap metal". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  49. ↑ Grady, John (25 May 2023). "U.K. Royal Navy 'Distressed and Concerned' by Illegal Chinese Salvage of WWII Wrecks". USNI News . Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  50. ↑ Seidel, Jamie (23 May 2023). "Chinese salvage ship caught red-handed looting battleship wrecks". news.com.au . Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  51. ↑ "Chuan Hong 68 and looting of multiple WW2 wrecks including HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse".
  52. ↑ Grady, John (4 July 2024). "Chinese Ship Suspected of Raiding World War II Wrecks Detained". USNI News. U.S. Naval Institute.

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HMS Courageous was the lead ship of her class of three battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy in the First World War. Designed to support the Baltic Project championed by First Sea Lord John Fisher, the ship was very lightly armoured and armed with only a few heavy guns. Courageous was completed in late 1916 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. She participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917 and was present when the German High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later.

HMS <i>Revenge</i> (06) 1916 Lead Revenge-class battleship of the Royal Navy

HMS Revenge was the lead ship of five Revenge-class super-dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy during the First World War in the mid-1910s. The ships were developments of the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships, with reductions in size and speed to offset increases in armour protection whilst retaining the same main battery of eight 15-inch (381 mm) guns. She was laid down in 1913, launched in 1915 and commissioned in February 1916, early enough to be worked up to see action with the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May that year. During the engagement, she engaged German battlecruisers, damaging two of them before being forced to turn away to avoid torpedoes that damaged her squadron flagship and caused the squadron to lose contact with the rest of the fleet. Revenge emerged from the battle unscathed, but she saw no further action during the war, as the British and German fleets turned to more cautious strategies owing to the risk of submarines and naval mines.

HMS <i>Royal Sovereign</i> (05) 1916 Revenge-class battleship of the Royal Navy

HMS Royal Sovereign was a Revenge-class battleship of the Royal Navy displacing 29,970 long tons (30,451 t) and armed with eight 15-inch (381 mm) guns in four twin-gun turrets. She was laid down in January 1914 and launched in April 1915; she was completed in May 1916, but was not ready for service in time to participate in the Battle of Jutland at the end of the month. She served with the Grand Fleet for the remainder of the First World War, but did not see action. In the early 1930s, she was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet and based in Malta.

HMS <i>Resolution</i> (09) 1916 Revenge-class battleship of the Royal Navy

HMS Resolution was one of five Revenge-class battleships built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. Completed in December 1916, Resolution saw no combat during the war as both the British and German fleets adopted a more cautious strategy after the Battle of Jutland in May owing to the increasing threat of naval mines and submarines.

HMS <i>Barham</i> (04) Queen Elizabeth-class battleship

HMS Barham was one of five Queen Elizabeth-class battleships built for the Royal Navy during the early 1910s. Completed in 1915, she was often used as a flagship and participated in the Battle of Jutland during the First World War as part of the Grand Fleet. For the rest of the war, except for the inconclusive action of 19 August 1916, her service generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

<i>Renown</i>-class battlecruiser Battlecruisers built during the First World War

The Renownclass consisted of two battlecruisers built during the First World War for the Royal Navy. They were originally laid down as improved versions of the Revenge-class battleships, but their construction was suspended on the outbreak of war on the grounds they would not be ready in a timely manner. Admiral Lord Fisher, upon becoming First Sea Lord, gained approval to restart their construction as battlecruisers that could be built and enter service quickly. The Director of Naval Construction (DNC), Eustace Tennyson-D'Eyncourt, quickly produced an entirely new design to meet Admiral Lord Fisher's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ships in 15 months. They did not quite meet that ambitious goal, but they were delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916. They were the world's fastest capital ships upon their commissioning.

HMS <i>Renown</i> (1916) 1916 Renown-class battlecruiser of the Royal Navy

HMS Renown was the lead ship of her class of battlecruisers of the Royal Navy built during the First World War. She was originally laid down as an improved version of the Revenge-class battleships. Her construction was suspended on the outbreak of war on the grounds she would not be ready in time. Admiral Lord Fisher, upon becoming First Sea Lord, gained approval to restart her construction as a battlecruiser that could be built and enter service quickly. The Director of Naval Construction (DNC), Eustace Tennyson-D'Eyncourt, quickly produced a new design to meet Fisher's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ships in 15 months. They did not quite meet that ambitious goal but the ship was delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Renown, and her sister HMS Repulse, were the world's fastest capital ships upon completion.

HMS <i>Hercules</i> (1910) 1910 Colossus-class battleship of the Royal Navy

HMS Hercules was the second and last of the two Colossus-class dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy at the end of the first decade of the 20th century. She spent her whole career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets, often serving as a flagship. Aside from participating in the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, her service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea. The ship was deemed obsolete after the war and was reduced to reserve. Hercules was sold for scrap in 1921 and broken up the following year.

HMS <i>Hood</i> Admiral-class battlecruiser

HMS Hood was a battlecruiser of the Royal Navy (RN). Hood was the first of the planned four Admiral-class battlecruisers to be built during the First World War. Already under construction when the Battle of Jutland occurred in mid-1916, that battle revealed serious flaws in her design, and despite drastic revisions she was completed four years later. For this reason, she was the only ship of her class to be completed, as the Admiralty decided it would be better to start with a clean design on succeeding battlecruisers, leading to the never-built G-3 class. Despite the appearance of newer and more modern ships, Hood remained the largest warship in the world for 20 years after her commissioning, and her prestige was reflected in her nickname, "The Mighty Hood".

<i>Courageous</i>-class battlecruiser Ship class built for the Royal Navy during the First World War

The Courageous class consisted of three battlecruisers known as "large light cruisers" built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. The class was nominally designed to support the Baltic Project, a plan by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher that was intended to land troops on the German Baltic Coast. Ships of this class were fast but very lightly armoured, with only a few heavy guns. They were given a shallow draught, in part to allow them to operate in the shallow waters of the Baltic but also reflecting experience gained earlier in the war. To maximize their speed, the Courageous-class battlecruisers were the first capital ships of the Royal Navy to use geared steam turbines and small-tube boilers.

HMS <i>Invincible</i> (1907) Battlecruiser of the Royal Navy

HMS Invincible was the lead ship of her class of three battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy during the first decade of the twentieth century and the first battlecruiser to be built by any country in the world. During the First World War, she participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight in a minor role, as she was the oldest and slowest of the British battlecruisers present. During the Battle of the Falkland Islands, Invincible and her sister ship Inflexible sank the armoured cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau almost without loss to themselves, despite numerous hits by the German ships.

HMS <i>Nelson</i> (28) 1927 Nelson-class battleship of the Royal Navy

HMS Nelson was the name ship of her class of two battleships built for the Royal Navy in the 1920s. They were the first battleships built to meet the limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Entering service in 1927, the ship spent her peacetime career with the Atlantic and Home Fleets, usually as the fleet flagship. During the early stages of World War II, she searched for German commerce raiders, missed participating in the Norwegian Campaign after she was badly damaged by a mine in late 1939, and escorted convoys in the Atlantic Ocean.

HMS <i>Defence</i> (1907) Minotaur-class armoured cruiser

HMS Defence was a Minotaur-class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century, the last armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy. She was stationed in the Mediterranean when the First World War began and participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau. The ship was transferred to the Grand Fleet in January 1915 and remained there for the rest of her career.

HMS <i>Cornwall</i> (56) County-class heavy cruiser of the Royal Navy

HMS Cornwall, pennant number 56, was a County-class heavy cruiser of the Kent sub-class built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1920s. The ship spent most of her pre-World War II career assigned to the China Station. Shortly after the war began in August 1939, she was assigned to search for German commerce raiders in the Indian Ocean. Cornwall was transferred to the South Atlantic in late 1939 where she escorted convoys before returning to the Indian Ocean in 1941. She then sank the German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin in May. After the start of the Pacific War in December 1941, she began escorting convoys until she was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in March 1942. The ship was sunk on 5 April by dive bombers from three Japanese aircraft carriers during the Indian Ocean Raid.

HMS <i>Agamemnon</i> (1906) Lord Nelson-class pre-dreadnought battleship

HMS Agamemnon was one of two Lord Nelson-class pre-dreadnought battleships launched in 1906 and completed in 1908. She was the Royal Navy's second-to-last pre-dreadnought battleship to be built, followed by her sister ship, Lord Nelson. She was assigned to the Channel Fleet when the First World War began in 1914. The ship was transferred to the Mediterranean Sea with Lord Nelson in early 1915 to participate in the Dardanelles Campaign. She made a number of bombardments against Turkish fortifications and in support of British troops. Agamemnon remained in the Mediterranean after the conclusion of that campaign to prevent the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser Breslau from breaking out into the Mediterranean. Agamemnon shot down the German Zeppelin LZ-55 (LZ-85) during a bombing mission over Salonica in 1916. On 30 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on board the ship while she was anchored at Lemnos in the northern Aegean Sea. She was converted to a radio-controlled target ship following her return to the United Kingdom in March 1919 and began service in 1921. Agamemnon was the last pre-dreadnought in service with the Royal Navy; she was replaced by Centurion at the end of 1926 and sold for scrap in January 1927.

HMS <i>Shannon</i> (1906) British Minotaur-class armoured cruiser

HMS Shannon was a Minotaur-class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1900s. Before the First World War, she served with the Home Fleet, generally as the flagship of a cruiser squadron. The ship remained with the Grand Fleet, as the Home Fleet was renamed when the war began, for the entire war, but only participated in a single battle, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. Shannon spent most of the war unsuccessfully patrolling the North Sea for German warships and commerce raiders. She was paid off in 1919 and sold for scrap in 1922.

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Further reading

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