Marn Grook

Last updated

Australian Aboriginal domestic scene depicting traditional recreation, including one child kicking the ball, with the object and caption being to "never let the ball hit the ground". (From William Blandowski's Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen, 1857, (Haddon Library, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge) Marn grook illustration 1857.jpg
Australian Aboriginal domestic scene depicting traditional recreation, including one child kicking the ball, with the object and caption being to "never let the ball hit the ground". (From William Blandowski's Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen, 1857, (Haddon Library, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge)

Marn Grook, marn-grook or marngrook (also spelt Marn Gook [1] ) is the popular collective name for traditional Indigenous Australian football games played at gatherings and celebrations by sometimes more than 100 players. From the Woiwurung language of the Kulin people, it means "ball" and "game".

Contents

These games featured punt kicking and catching a stuffed ball. They involved large numbers of players, and were played over an extremely large area. The game was subject to strict behavioural protocols: for instance all players had to be matched for size, gender and skin group relationship. However, to outside observers the game appeared to lack a team objective, having no real rules or scoring system. A winner could only be declared if one of the sides agreed that the other side had played better. Individual players who consistently exhibited outstanding skills, such as kicking or leaping higher than others to catch the ball, were often praised, but proficiency in the sport gave them no tribal influence. [2]

The earliest accounts emerged decades after the European settlement of Australia, mostly from the colonial Victorian explorers and settlers. Historical reports support it as a widespread activity across south-eastern Australia of the Djabwurrung and Jardwadjali people and other tribes in the Wimmera, Mallee and Millewa regions of western Victoria. According to some accounts, the range extended to the Wurundjeri in the Yarra Valley, the Gunai people of Gippsland, and the Riverina in south-western New South Wales. [3] The Warlpiri people of Central Australia played a very similar kicking and catching game with a possum skin ball, and the game was known as pultja. [4] North of Brisbane in Queensland in the 1860s it was known as Purru Purru. [5]

Some historians claim that Marn Grook had a role in the formation of Australian rules football, which originated in Melbourne in 1858 and was codified the following year by members of the Melbourne Football Club. [6] This connection has become culturally important to many Indigenous Australians, including celebrities and professional footballers [7] from communities in which Australian rules football is highly popular. [8]

Early accounts

Although the consensus among historians is that Marn Grook existed before European arrival, it is not clear how long the game had been played in Victoria or elsewhere on the Australian continent. [9] [10] [11] [12]

A news article published in 1906 suggests that it had been observed around a century prior, which would put its first observations to Australia's earliest days as a convict colony. [13]

The earliest recorded anecdotal account is from about 1841 a decade prior to the Victorian gold rush. Robert Brough Smyth in his 1878 book, The Aborigines of Victoria, quoted William Thomas, a Protector of Aborigines in Victoria, who stated that he had witnessed Wurundjeri Aboriginal people east of Melbourne playing the game: [14]

The men and boys joyfully assemble when this game is to be played. One makes a ball of possum skin, somewhat elastic, but firm and strong. ...The players of this game do not throw the ball as a white man might do, but drop it and at the same time kicks it with his foot, using the instep for that purpose. ...The tallest men have the best chances in this game. ...Some of them will leap as high as five feet from the ground to catch the ball. The person who secures the ball kicks it. ...This continues for hours and the natives never seem to tire of the exercise.

The game was a favourite of the Wurundjeri-willam clan and the two teams were sometimes based on the traditional totemic moieties of Bunjil (eagle) and Waang (crow). Robert Brough-Smyth saw the game played at Coranderrk Mission Station, where ngurungaeta (elder) William Barak discouraged the playing of imported games like cricket and encouraged the traditional native game of marn grook. [15]

1855 illustration by William Anderson Cawthorne of Indigenous playthings from South Australia including a ball, referred to as pando in the Kaurna language. Pando ball and Kandomarugutta sling, South Australian Indigenous people, illustration by William Anderson Cawthorne 1855.png
1855 illustration by William Anderson Cawthorne of Indigenous playthings from South Australia including a ball, referred to as pando in the Kaurna language.

In 1855 William Anderson Cawthorne documented South Australia's indigenous Adelaide Plains people. He produced a series of illustrations: one image was of a pair of playthings, a sling and a ball. In the Kaurna language a ball is a pando or parndo. [16] The image is inscribed: [17]

A group of children is playing with a ball. The ball is made out of typha roots (roots of the bulrush). It is not thrown or hit with a bat, but is kicked up in the air with a foot. The aim of the game – never let the ball touch the ground.

Marn Grook (detail) Marn grook football.jpg
Marn Grook (detail)

An 1857 sketch found in 2007 describes an observation by Victorian scientist William Blandowski, of the Latjilatji people playing a football game near Merbein, on his expedition to the junction of the Murray and Darling Rivers. [17]

In relation to the 1857 sketch, Historian Greg de Moore commented: [17]

What I can say for certain is that it's the first image of any kind of football that's been discovered in Australia. It pre-dates the first European images of any kind of football, by almost ten years in Australia. Whether or not there is a link between the two games in some way for me is immaterial because it really highlights that games such as Marn Grook, which is one of the names for Aboriginal football, were played by Aborigines and should be celebrated in their own right

An 1860 eyewitness account of an aboriginal colony (likely the Taungurung) from the Broken River (between the current cities of Shepparton and Benalla) describes a "great game of football" which inaugurated festivities. [18]

James Dawson, in his 1881 book titled Australian Aborigines, described a game, which he referred to as 'football', where the players of two teams kick around a ball made of possum fur. [19]

Each side endeavours to keep possession of the ball, which is tossed a short distance by hand, then kicked in any direction. The side which kicks it oftenest and furthest gains the game. The person who sends it the highest is considered the best player, and has the honour of burying it in the ground till required the next day. The sport is concluded with a shout of applause, and the best player is complimented on his skill. The game, which is somewhat similar to the white man's game of football, is very rough...

— James Dawson in his 1881 book Australian Aborigines.

In the appendix of Dawson's book, he lists the word Min'gorm for the game in the Aboriginal language Chaap Wuurong. [20]

In 1889, anthropologist Alfred Howitt, wrote that the game was played between large groups on a totemic basis – the white cockatoos versus the black cockatoos, for example, which accorded with their skin system. Acclaim and recognition went to the players who could leap or kick the highest. Howitt wrote: [21]

This game of ball-playing was also practised among the Kurnai, the Wolgal (Tumut river people), the Wotjoballuk as well as by the Woiworung, and was probably known to most tribes of south-eastern Australia. The Kurnai made the ball from the scrotum of an "old man kangaroo", the Woiworung made it of tightly rolled up pieces of possum skin. It was called by them "mangurt". In this tribe the two exogamous divisions, Bunjil and Waa, played on opposite sides. The Wotjoballuk also played this game, with Krokitch on one side and Gamutch on the other. The mangurt was sent as a token of friendship from one to another.

According to Howitt's historical field notes published in 1907 held in the AIATSIS Collection, an account from a Mukjarawaint man from the Grampians indicated that both men and women would play in the same teams. [22] This is further supported by an account from Beveridge from 1885. [23]

In 1929 David Uniapon, during a discussion about Harry Hewitt that appeared in the Adelaide Observer, stated that "an ancient game was played by my people with a ball about the size of a cricket ball, made of hair and emu feathers. Sides were chosen, and the ball was passed from one to the other, the idea being to keep it in possession of those on one side, and not to let their rivals secure it." [24]

By 1906, the name Marn Grook had entered the lexicon, several articles in newspapers of the time describe it as a near extinct pastime and provide details on the size (about 6 inches) of the ball. [25]

Another anecdotal account of Marn Grook being played near Melbourne from 1934 describes some of the rules of the game, including the highest kicker winning the game, that it was educated by the elders and that girls also played but threw instead of kicked the ball. [26]

Relationship with Australian rules football

Australian football pioneer Tom Wills grew up as the only white child among Djab wurrung Aborigines in Western Victoria Tom Wills (photograph-002).jpg
Australian football pioneer Tom Wills grew up as the only white child among Djab wurrung Aborigines in Western Victoria
Tom Wills monument in Moyston makes a claim to the Marn Grook connection Tom wills monument moyston victoria.jpg
Tom Wills monument in Moyston makes a claim to the Marn Grook connection

Since the 1980s, some commentators, including Martin Flanagan, [9] [10] Jim Poulter and Col Hutchinson postulated that Australian rules football pioneer Tom Wills could have been inspired by Marn Grook. [11]

The theory hinges on evidence which is circumstantial and anecdotal. Tom Wills was raised in Victoria's Western District. As the only white child in the district, it is said that he was fluent in the languages of the Djab wurrung and frequently played with local Aboriginal children on his father's property, Lexington, outside modern-day Moyston. [27] This story has been passed down through the generations of his family. [28]

Col Hutchison, former historian for the AFL, wrote in support of the theory postulated by Flanagan, and his account appears on an official AFL memorial to Tom Wills in Moyston, erected in 1998.

While playing as a child with Aboriginal children in this area [Moyston] he [Tom Wills] developed a game which he later utilised in the formation of Australian Football.

— As written by Col Hutchison on the plaque at Moyston donated by the Australian Football League in 1998.

Sports historian Gillian Hibbins—who researched the origins of Australian rules football for the Australian Football League's official account of the game's history as part of its 150th anniversary celebrations—sternly rejects the theory, stating that while Marn Grook was "definitely" played around Port Fairy and throughout the Melbourne area, there is no evidence that the game was played north of the Grampians or by the Djabwurrung people, and the claim that Wills observed and possibly played the game is improbable. [29] Hibbin's account was widely publicised [29] causing significant controversy and offending prominent Indigenous footballers who openly criticised the publication. [7]

Professor Jenny Hocking of Monash University and Nell Reidy have also published eyewitness accounts of the game having been played in the area in which Tom Wills grew up. [30]

In his exhaustive research of the first four decades of Australian rules football, historian Mark Pennings "could not find evidence that those who wrote the first rules were influenced by the Indigenous game of Marngrook". [31] Melbourne Cricket Club researcher Trevor Ruddell wrote in 2013 that Marn Grook "has no causal link with, nor any documented influence upon, the early development of Australian football." [32]

Chris Hallinan and Barry Judd describe the historical perspective of the history of Australian Rules as Anglo-centric, having been reluctant to acknowledge the Indigenous contribution. They go on to suggest this is an example of white Australians struggling to accept Indigenous peoples "as active and intelligent human subjects". [33]

If Tom Wills had have said "Hey, we should have a game of our own more like the football the black fellas play" it would have killed it stone dead before it was even born.

— Statement by Jim Poulter During 7.30 Report (22 May 2008). [34]

Comparisons with Australian rules football

Advocates of these theories have drawn comparisons in the catching of the kicked ball (the mark) and the high jumping to catch the ball (the spectacular mark) that have been attributes of both games. [12] However, the connection is speculative. For instance spectacular high marking did not become common in Australian rules football until the 1880s.

Marn Grook and the Australian rules football term "mark"

Some claim that the origin of the Australian rules term mark, meaning a clean, fair catch of a kicked ball, followed by a free kick, is derived from the Aboriginal word mumarki used in Marn Grook, and meaning "to catch". [35] [36] The application of the word "mark" in "foot-ball" (and in many other games) dates to the Elizabethan era and is likely derived from the practice where a player marks the ground to show where a catch had been taken or where the ball should be placed. [37] The use of the word "mark" to indicate an "impression or trace forming a sign" on the ground dates to c. 1200. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian rules football</span> Contact sport invented in Australia

Australian football, also called Australian rules football or Aussie rules, or more simply football or footy, is a contact sport played between two teams of 18 players on an oval field, often a modified cricket ground. Points are scored by kicking the oval ball between the central goal posts, or between a central and outer post.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wurundjeri</span> Aboriginal Australian people who inhabited the Melbourne area before colonisation

The Wurundjeripeople are an Australian Aboriginal people of the Woiwurrung language group, in the Kulin nation. They are the traditional owners of the Yarra River Valley, covering much of the present location of Melbourne. They continue to live in this area and throughout Australia. They were called the Yarra tribe by early European colonists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Wills</span> Australian sportsman (1835–1880)

Thomas Wentworth Wills was an Australian sportsman who is credited with being Australia's first cricketer of significance and a founder of Australian rules football. Born in the British penal colony of New South Wales to a wealthy family descended from convicts, Wills grew up in the bush on stations owned by his father, the squatter and politician Horatio Wills, in what is now the state of Victoria. As a child, he befriended local Aboriginal people, learning their language and customs. Aged 14, Wills went to England to attend Rugby School, where he became captain of its cricket team and played an early version of rugby football. After Rugby, Wills represented Cambridge University in the annual cricket match against Oxford, and played at first-class level for Kent and the Marylebone Cricket Club. An athletic bowling all-rounder with tactical nous, he was regarded as one of the finest young cricketers in England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Football in Australia</span> Overview of football in Australia

Football in Australia refers to numerous codes which each have major shares of the mainstream sports market, media, broadcasting, professional athletes, financial performance and grassroots participation: Australian rules football, rugby league, rugby union and soccer. There are four pre-eminent professional football competitions played in Australia: the Australian Football League, the National Rugby League, Super Rugby and the A-League (soccer). By most measures, including attendance, television audience and media presence across the most states, Australian football is the most popular nationally. However, in the states of New South Wales and Queensland, rugby football is overall the most watched and receives the most media coverage, especially the Rugby League State of Origin contested between the two states referred to as “Australian sport's greatest rivalry”. In recent times, there has been an increase in popularity in Australian football and corresponding decrease in popularity of Rugby union in New South Wales and Queensland. Soccer, while extending its lead in participation rate, particularly in the large cities, and improving its performance at the FIFA World Cup and at the FIFA Women's World Cup, continues to attract the overall lowest attendance, as well as media and public interest, of the four codes.

The Boonwurrung, also spelt Bunurong or Bun wurrung, are an Aboriginal people of the Kulin nation, who are the traditional owners of the land from the Werribee River to Wilsons Promontory in the Australian state of Victoria. Their territory includes part of what is now the city and suburbs of Melbourne. They were called the Western Port or Port Philip tribe by the early settlers, and were in alliance with other tribes in the Kulin nation, having particularly strong ties to the Wurundjeri people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark (Australian rules football)</span> Skill in Australian rules football

A mark in Australian rules football is the catch of a kicked ball which earns the catching player a free kick. The catch must be cleanly taken, or deemed by the umpire to have involved control of the ball for sufficient time. A tipped ball, or one that has touched the ground cannot be marked. Since 2002, in most Australian competitions, the minimum distance for a mark is 15 metres.

Martin Joseph Flanagan is an Australian journalist and author. He writes on sport, particularly Australian rules football. Flanagan also writes opinion pieces, some of which are examinations of Australian culture and the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woiwurrung–Taungurung language</span> Pama–Nyungan language spoken in Australia

Woiwurrung and Taungurung are Aboriginal languages of the Kulin nation of Central Victoria. Woiwurrung was spoken by the Woiwurrung and related peoples in the Yarra River basin, and Taungurung by the Taungurung people north of the Great Dividing Range in the Goulburn River Valley around Mansfield, Benalla and Heathcote. They are often portrayed as distinct languages, but they were mutually intelligible. Ngurai-illamwurrung (Ngurraiillam) may have been a clan name, a dialect, or a closely related language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aaron Davey</span> Australian rules footballer, born 1983

Aaron Davey is a professional Australian rules football player of Indigenous Australian heritage. He played for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) until he retired from the club at the end of the 2013 season. He is the current Head Coach and Former Player-Coach of the Cairns City Lions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kick-to-kick</span> Australian rules football tradition

Kick-to-kick is a pastime and well-known tradition of Australian rules football fans, and a recognised Australian term for kick and catch type games. It is a casual version of Australian rules.

The Gunditjmara or Gunditjamara, also known as Dhauwurd Wurrung, are an Aboriginal Australian people of southwestern Victoria. They are the traditional owners of the areas now encompassing Warrnambool, Port Fairy, Woolsthorpe and Portland. Their land includes much of the Budj Bim heritage areas. The Kerrup Jmara are a clan of the Gunditjmara, whose traditional lands are around Lake Condah. The Koroitgundidj are another clan group, whose lands are around Tower Hill.

Australian Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology. Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed a wide range of individual cultures. Due the colonization of Australia under terra nullius concept these cultures were treated as one monoculture. Australian Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Aboriginal music has developed a number of unique instruments. Contemporary Australian Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation, but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian rules football in popular culture</span>

Australian rules football has had a significant impact on popular culture in its native Australia, capturing the imagination of Australian film, art, music, television and literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moyston, Victoria</span> Town in Victoria, Australia

Moyston is a town in the Western District region of Victoria, Australia, near the Grampians mountain range. The town is located in the Rural City of Ararat local government area, 224 kilometres (139 mi) north west of the state capital, Melbourne. At the 2021 census, Moyston and the surrounding area had a population of 403.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Origins of Australian rules football</span>

The origins of Australian rules football date back to the late 1850s in Melbourne, the capital city of Victoria.

The Djab Wurrung, also spelt Djabwurrung, Tjapwurrung, Tjap Wurrung, or Djapwarrung, people are Aboriginal Australians whose country is the volcanic plains of central Victoria from the Mount William Range of Gariwerd in the west to the Pyrenees range in the east encompassing the Wimmera River flowing north and the headwaters of the Hopkins River flowing south. The towns of Ararat, Stawell and Hamilton are within their territory. There were 41 Djab Wurrung clans who formed an alliance with the neighbouring Jardwadjali people through intermarriage, shared culture, trade and moiety system before colonisation. Their lands were conquered but never ceded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Football</span> Group of related team sports

Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word football normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly called football include association football ; gridiron football ; Australian rules football; rugby union and rugby league; and Gaelic football. These various forms of football share to varying extents common origins and are known as "football codes".

The Marngrook Footy Show was a sport panel show broadcast in Australia focusing on Australian rules football and aimed at Indigenous viewers. Debuting on television in 2007 after 10 years on radio, the show first aired on NITV and on Channel 31 Melbourne, moving to ABC2 during 2011 and 2012 before moving back to NITV. The show was cancelled in October 2019, replaced by Yokayi Footy in March 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woiwurrung</span>

The Woiwurrung, also spelt Woi-wurrung, Woi Wurrung, Woiwurrong, Woiworung, Wuywurung, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Woiwurrung language group, in the Kulin alliance.

Woggabaliri is described by the Australian Sports Commission (ASC) as a traditional Indigenous Australian "co-operative kicking volley game". Described as a kicking game similar to soccer played in a group of four to six players in a circle, the game has been encouraged in schools in New South Wales and Queensland.

References

  1. ↑ "Aussie rules kicked off by Aborigines". The Age, Australia . 22 September 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023.
  2. ↑ The Sports Factor, ABC Radio National, program first broadcast on 5 September 2008.
  3. ↑ Yarrow, Stephen (2019), "Aboriginal Culture: Sport and Recreation", Australia Guide, archived from the original on 25 June 2022
  4. ↑ Campbell, Liam (writer, director); Cadden, Anna (co-director, director of photography) (2007). Aboriginal Rules (PAL) (Video) (in English and Warlpiri). Sydney: Walpiri Media Association; Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Running time 53 mins. OCLC   271606524. [Documentary].
  5. ↑ Bird, Murray; Parker, Greg (2018). More of the Kangaroo: 150 Years of Australian Football in Queensland - 1866 to 2016. Morningside, Qld. p. 3. ISBN   978-0-9943936-1-6. OCLC   1082363978.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ↑ "A code of our own" celebrating 150 years of the rules of Australian football The Yorker: Journal of the Melbourne Cricket Club Library Issue 39, Autumn 2009
  7. 1 2 Morrissey, Tim (15 May 2008). "Goodes racist, says AFL historian". Herald Sun.
  8. ↑ AFL turning Indigenous dreamtime to big time - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  9. 1 2 Flanagan, Martin (1998). The Call. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin. p. 8. ISBN   0-9757708-0-2.
  10. 1 2 Martin Flanagan, 'Sport and Culture'
  11. 1 2 Gregory M de Moore. Victoria University. from Football Fever. Crossing Boundaries. Maribyrnong Press, 2005
  12. 1 2 David Thompson, "Aborigines were playing possum", Herald Sun , 27 September 2007. Accessed 3 November 2008
  13. ↑ "The Queer Side of Football". Tasmanian News . No. 7791. Tasmania, Australia. 11 May 1906. p. 3 (FOURTH EDITION). Retrieved 7 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
  14. ↑ Robert Brough-Smyth (1878) The Aborigines of Victoria (Vol. 1). Melbourne: George Robertson (p. 176
  15. ↑ Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, pp45 People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 ISBN   0-9577728-0-7
  16. ↑ Several sources:
    • Edwards, Ken (2012). A Bibliography of the Traditional Games of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (PDF). [Compiled with the assistance of Tim Edwards]. Toowoomba, Queensland: Faculty of Education, University of Southern Queensland (USQ). p. 109.
      • Citing: Cawthorne, William A. (1846), Literarium Diarium, vol. 23 December 1845 − 12 April 1846, Manuscript held at the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales: microfilm CY REEL 363. Catalogue listing: # ball games - [pando]; * Torrens River region; South Australia
    • Office of Sport. "Parndo". NSW Government. This ball game was played by South Australian Aborigines in the vicinity of Adelaide (Kaurna language). The parndo (ball) was made with a piece of opossum skin, flattish in shape and about the size of a tennis ball.
    • Amery, Rob (2016). Warraparna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian language (PDF). Adelaide, South Australia. pp. 229–230. ISBN   978-1-925261-25-7. tidnaparndo ngunyawaiendi ... 'play football' "..."tidna 'foot' {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Metzenrath, Rita (19 October 2022) [First published 26 May 2017]. "The AFL's Aboriginal origins". AIATSIS: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Government of Australia.
  17. 1 2 3 Farnsworth, Sarah (21 September 2007). "Kids play kick to kick -1850s style". ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  18. ↑ "AN ABORIGINAL COLONY". Ovens and Murray Advertiser . No. 1184. Victoria, Australia. 16 June 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 31 January 2023– via National Library of Australia.
  19. ↑ Dawson 1881, p. 85.
  20. ↑ Dawson 1881, p. xv [Appendix].
  21. ↑ AW Howitt, "Notes on Australian Message Sticks and Messengers", Journal of the Anthropological Institute, London, 1889, p 2, note 4, Reprinted by Ngarak Press, 1998, ISBN   1-875254-25-0
  22. ↑ Howitt, A. W. (Alfred William), 1830-1908 Notes on the Mukjarawaint tribe
  23. ↑ Beveridge,1885, Of the Aborigines inhabiting the Great lacustrine and Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray, Lower Murrumbidgee, Lower Lachlan and Lower Darling
  24. ↑ "Aborigines and Football". Observer . Vol. LXXXVI, no. 4, 491. South Australia. 20 July 1929. p. 44. Retrieved 19 January 2022– via National Library of Australia.
  25. ↑ "WORLD OF SPORT". The Herald . No. 9551. Victoria, Australia. 25 May 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 31 January 2023– via National Library of Australia.
  26. ↑ "GENERAL TOPICS". The Argus (Melbourne) . No. 27, 455. Victoria, Australia. 16 August 1934. p. 4 (The Junior Argus). Retrieved 31 January 2023– via National Library of Australia.
  27. ↑ Minister opens show exhibition celebrating Aussie Rules' Koorie Heritage Archived 8 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine , Government Media Release accessed 4 June 2007
  28. ↑ AFL News | Real Footy
  29. 1 2 AFL's native roots a 'seductive myth' The Australian 22 March 2008
  30. ↑ Hocking, Jenny; Nell, Reidy (2016). "Marngrook, Tom Wills and the Continuing Denial of Indigenous History: On the origins of Australian football". Meanjin . Meanjin Company Ltd. 75 (2): 83–93.
  31. ↑ Cardosi, Adam (18 October 2013). "Origins of Australian Football", Australian Football. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  32. ↑ Ruddell, Trevor (19 December 2013). "Pompey Austin - Aboriginal football pioneer", Australian Football. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  33. ↑ Hallinan, Chris; Judd, Barry (2012). "Duelling paradigms: Australian Aborigines, marn-grook and football histories". Sport in Society. 15 (7): 975–986. doi:10.1080/17430437.2012.723364. S2CID   145415549.
  34. ↑ Debate over AFL origins continues: The AFL is celebrating its 150th season and this weekend the event will be marked by an Indigenous round with a special match between Essendon and Richmond called "Dreamtime at the 'G". But the celebrations have reignited a long running debate over the sport's origins. [online]. 7.30 Report (ABC1); Time: 19:42; Broadcast Date: Thursday, 22 May 2008; Duration: 5 min., 18 sec.
  35. ↑ "Early History". Footy Stamps: Home of Australian Football Stamps. 2006.
  36. ↑ Aboriginal Football – Marn Grook Archived 12 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ↑ Joseph Strutt The sports and pastimes of the people of England from the earliest period. Harvard University 1801
  38. ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary

Sources

Dawson, James (1881). Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN   978-0-85575-118-0 . Retrieved 3 May 2019.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.