21 December 1837 –31 December 1849
William Thomas (29 April 1794 –1 December 1867) represented Aboriginal people in various roles in the Port Phillip district (now known as the state of Victoria) in Australia.
William Thomas was born on 29 April 1794 in Westminster,London. His father was an officer in the British army under Sir Ralph Abercrombie and died in the Battle of Alexandria in 1801. [1] Thomas's formal education was concluded at 21 with a year on the continent,spent mainly in Spain and Gibraltar. [2] With little capital or prospects for patronage,he founded a successful school located in Southwark on the Old Kent Road in south-east London. There he trained young men for entry to the civil service. [3] Thomas's achievements as an educator and his devout Methodism brought him to the attention of the post-Reform Act government. [2]
Thomas was one of four Assistant Protectors of Aborigines appointed by Lord Glenelg,Colonial Secretary of State,in the Port Phillip district then part of the New South Wales colony. [4] Under directions from Sir George Grey,Thomas arrived in Sydney with his family on 3 August 1838. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace for the colony,having jurisdiction in both New South Wales and Victoria. He later served as a magistrate for Melbourne and its suburbs. [1] As Assistant Protector,Thomas served under George Augustus Robinson,and was responsible for the Central Protectorate District Westernport regions that included the Wurundjeri (Yarra) and Boon wurrung (coastal Port Phillip and Westernport) peoples. [5] [6] During his tenure he learnt both the Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung language,and translated Psalm 121,the Creed,the Lord’s Prayer and the first chapter of Genesis into Boonwurrung. He was known by the people of his protectorate as "Marminata" (Good Father). [2]
The Protectorate ended in 1849. Thomas stayed in government service with his appointment of Guardian of the Aborigines though arrangement with La Trobe for the counties of Bourke and Mornington and Evelyn. His influence and advocacy saw a later appointment as Adviser on Aboriginal Affairs which he held until a few months before his death on 1 December 1867.
Thomas left an important written record that has attracted much scholarship. [7] In the public record this material comprises official reports,letters and submissions to parliamentary enquiries. [8] In addition,his private papers give "a rare insight into the process of cultural continuity and collapse,and the agency of Victorian Aboriginal leaders in social and economic interactions with settlers and colonial administrations in a time of great social upheaval". [9]
Thomas married Susannah Jackson,with her father Abraham Jackson as witness. William and Susannah Thomas had nine children,only 3 of which survived him.
George Augustus Robinson was a British-born colonial official and self-trained preacher in colonial Australia. In 1824,Robinson travelled to Hobart,Van Diemen’s Land,where he attempted to negotiate a peace between European settlers and Aboriginal Tasmanians prior to the outbreak of the Black War. He was appointed Chief Protector of Aborigines by the Aboriginal Protection Board in Port Phillip District,New South Wales in 1839,a position he held until 1849. He is also remembered today for his role in the supply of Aboriginal remains to English 'collectors'.
The Western District comprises western regions of the Australian state of Victoria. It is said to be an ill–defined district,sometimes incorrectly referred to as an economic region,. The district is located within parts of the Barwon South West and the Grampians regions;extending from the south-west corner of the state to Ballarat in the east and as far north as Ararat. The district is bounded by the Wimmera district in the north,by the Goldfields district in the east,by Bass Strait and the Southern Ocean in the south,and by the South Australian border in the west. The district is well known for the production of wool. The most populated city in the Western District is the Ballarat region,with 96,940 inhabitants.
Penshurst is a town in Victoria,Australia. It is in the Shire of Southern Grampians local government area and is located at the foot of Mount Rouse,an extinct volcano. At the 2006 census,Penshurst had a population of 461. Basic facilities include a hospital with an aged care residency and doctor's surgery,a pub,a hall and two schools –one a State school,the other a Catholic school –the State school has 10 students(2020),the Catholic school 26.
The Boonwurrung,also spelt Bunurong or Bun wurrung,are an Aboriginal people of the Kulin nation,who are the traditional owners of the land from the Werribee River to Wilsons Promontory in the Australian state of Victoria. Their territory includes part of what is now the city and suburbs of Melbourne. They were called the Western Port or Port Philip tribe by the early settlers,and were in alliance with other tribes in the Kulin nation,having particularly strong ties to the Wurundjeri people.
The Australian colonies and in the nineteenth century created offices involved in dealing with indigenous people in the jurisdictions.
Coranderrk was an Aboriginal reserve run by the Victorian government between 1863 and 1924,located around 50 kilometres (31 mi) north-east of Melbourne. The residents were mainly of the Woiwurrung,Bunurong and Taungurung peoples,and the first inhabitants chose the site of the reserve.
The following lists events that happened during 1838 in Australia.
The murnong or yam daisy is any of the plants Microseris walteri,Microseris lanceolata and Microseris scapigera,which are an important food source for many Aboriginal peoples in southern parts of Australia. Murnong is a Woiwurrung word for the plant,used by the Wurundjeri people and possibly other clans of the Kulin nation. They are called by a variety of names in the many different Aboriginal Australian languages,and occur in many oral traditions as part of Dreamtime stories.
Henry Edmund Pulteney Dana (1820–1852) established the Native Police Corps in the Port Phillip District in 1842,he was responsible for two massacres of Aboriginal people one at Barmah Lake in 1843 and the other at Snowy River in 1846. Dana was born in England,his father being Captain William Pulteney Dana of the 6th Regiment. Henry Dana migrated to Van Diemen's Land in 1840,but in 1842 he relocated to the Port Phillip District where he renewed acquaintance with Superintendent Charles La Trobe,whom he knew in London. The two men became firm friends and Latrobe appointed Dana to establish a native police corps.
The Port Phillip Protectorate was created in the Port Phillip District by the British House of Commons at the instigation of Lord Glenelg. The primary directives of the Protectors was to protect the Aboriginal people in their districts and to 'civilise' them,in other words to minimize conflicts between European settlers and Aboriginal people,and to help Aboriginal people take up the European way of life.
Barfold is a locality on the Heathcote-Kyneton Road (C326) in Victoria,Australia. It has a community hall,Barfold Hall,and an Anglican church,Barfold Union Church.
Edward Stone Parker (1802–1865) was a Methodist preacher and assistant Protector of Aborigines in the Aboriginal Protectorate established in the Port Phillip District of colonial New South Wales under George Augustus Robinson in 1838. He established and administered the Franklinford Aboriginal Protectorate Station in the territory of the Dja Dja Wurrung people from January 1841 to the end of 1848.
Gary Presland is an Australian archaeologist and writer who studied history at La Trobe University 1973-76,and archaeology at the University of London,1977-79. He was a staff member of the Victoria Archaeological Survey from 1983 to April 1988;his research interests are in the Aboriginal and natural history of Melbourne. One important contribution was the transcription and editing of the unpublished journals of George Augustus Robinson,Chief Protector of Aborigines in the Port Phillip District,1839-1849. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Melbourne in 2005,for his reconstruction of the pre-European natural history of Melbourne.
An Aboriginal reserve,also called simply reserve,was a government-sanctioned settlement for Aboriginal Australians,created under various state and federal legislation. Along with missions and other institutions,they were used from the 19th century to the 1960s to keep Aboriginal people separate from the white Australian population. The governments passed laws related to such reserves that gave them much power over all aspects of Aboriginal people’s lives.
Tunnerminnerwait (c.1812–1842) was an Australian Aboriginal resistance fighter and Parperloihener clansman from Tasmania. He was also known by several other names including Pevay,Jack of Cape Grim,Tunninerpareway and renamed Jack Napoleon Tarraparrura by George Robinson.
The Eumeralla Wars were the violent encounters over the possession of land between British colonists and Gunditjmara Aboriginal people in what is now called the Western District area of south west Victoria.
Charles Wightman Sievwright was a British army officer before being appointed Assistant Protector of Aborigines in part of the Port Phillip District of the colony of New South Wales,now Victoria,Australia.
The Gurdies is a village located in Bass Coast Shire in Victoria,Australia.
The Warrowen massacre was an apparent mass killing of Bunurong people by a group of Kurnai people in the vicinity of present-day Brighton,Victoria,Australia. It is dated to the early 1830s,close in time to the founding of Melbourne. The killing was recorded separately several years later by William Thomas and George Augustus Robinson,based on testimony from Aboriginal sources. Thomas stated that at least 60 people had been killed. According to Robinson,the massacre contributed to the end of an entire Bunurong clan,the Yowengerre,allowing a Kurnai clan to take over their territory.
Mordialloc Aboriginal Reserve in Victoria on the coast of Port Phillip Bay was on traditional land of the Bunurong people to which they gradually retreated from surrounding areas after white settlement from the 1850s. Most had moved,or had been relocated,to Coranderk by the mid-1860s.
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