The Charles Brownlow Trophy, better known as the Brownlow Medal (and informally as Charlie), is awarded to the best and fairest player in the Australian Football League (AFL) during the home-and-away season, as determined by votes cast by the four officiating field umpires after each game. It is the most prestigious award for individual players in the AFL. It is also widely acknowledged as the highest individual honour in the sport of Australian rules football.
The medal was first awarded by the Victorian Football League (VFL). It was created and named in honour of Charles Brownlow, a former Geelong Football Club footballer (1880–1891) and club secretary (1885–1923), and VFL president (1918–19), who had died in January 1924 after an extended illness.
Fairest and best
Although the award is generally spoken of the best and fairest, the award's specific criterion is fairest and best, reflecting an emphasis on sportsmanship and fair play (this also explains the decision to have the votes cast by the umpires), as the 1924 illuminated facsimile expressly states:[1][2]
You were selected as the fairest and best player and we have pleasure in presenting the accompanying Gold Medal in recognition of those sterling qualities.
The VFL was the last of the three elite leagues to strike an award for league best and fairest, with the SANFL's Magarey Medal being first awarded in 1898, and the WAFL's Sandover Medal first being awarded since 1921. Over time, all three awards have migrated towards similar rules regarding voting and eligibility.
Excluding the change of the monogram from VFL to AFL in 1990, the design, shape and size of the medallion have been virtually unchanged since 1924.
Criteria for "fairest" and "best"
Brownlow Medal votes are allocated by the game-controlling field umpires (pictured in yellow attire).
Voting procedure for "best"
To determine the best player, the four field umpires (not the goal umpires or boundary umpires) confer after each home-and-away match and award 3 votes, 2 votes and 1 vote to the players they regard as the best, second best and third best in the match respectively. On the awards night, the votes from each match are tallied, and the player(s) with the highest number of votes is awarded the medal (subject to eligibility – see below).
The current voting system has been used for the vast majority of Brownlow Medal counts. There have been different voting systems for short periods in the past:
until 1930, only one vote was cast in each game. This was changed to the current 3–2–1 system after the 1930 season saw three players tied on four votes apiece;[3]
in 1976, the VFL introduced a second field umpire, and both umpires individually awarded 3–2–1 votes; this voting system was abandoned in 1978, and the two (and later, three and then four) umpires conferred to give a single set of 3–2–1 votes.
Since the rules were changed after the 1980 season, if two or more eligible players score the equal highest number of votes, each wins a Brownlow medal. Up to 1980, if two or more players were tied, a single winner was chosen on a countback:
under the initial rules until 1930, the umpiring panel would be called to meet and agree upon a winner among the tied players[4][5]
added to the rules at some stage prior to 1930 (but without removing the previous stipulation – causing confusion in the tied 1930 count), the winner was the player who had the highest percentage of votes polled vs games played;[5]
after 1930, the winner was the player who had the most 3-vote games; then, if still tied, the most 2-vote games.
Even with these considerations, these countbacks failed to separate Des Fothergill and Herbie Matthews, who tied for the medal in 1940.[6][7] The league decided to keep the original medal and award replica medals to the two winners.[8] In 1989, the eight players who since the inception of the award had tied on votes but lost on a countback were awarded retrospective medals.[9]
Ineligibility
Jobe Watson was originally declared the winner of the 2012 Brownlow Medal by polling four more votes than runners up Trent Cotchin and Sam Mitchell; however, in November 2016, he was retrospectively deemed ineligible for the award due to his part in the Essendon Football Club supplements saga, and the title was given to Cotchin and Mitchell.
The fairest component of the medal is achieved by making ineligible any player who is suspended by the AFL Tribunal during the home-and-away season. An ineligible player cannot win the Brownlow Medal, regardless of the number of votes he has received.
A player remains eligible for the Brownlow Medal under the following circumstances:
if he is suspended during the finals or pre-season;
if he serves a suspension in the current season which was earned for an offence committed in the previous season;
he receives any sort of club-imposed suspension which is not recognised by the AFL Tribunal;
if he is found guilty by the AFL Tribunal of an offence which attracts only a financial penalty.
The application of the ineligibility criteria has remained fairly consistent throughout the history of the award, with some subtle changes, since it was introduced in 1931.[10] The main exception was from 2005 until 2014, when a player would become ineligible if he committed an infringement that the Tribunal's Match Review Panel judged as being worthy of a one-game suspension, before applying adjustments based on a player's good or bad record, or for accepting an early guilty plea – meaning that players with a good record or early plea could be ineligible despite avoiding suspension, or a player with a bad record could be eligible despite having been suspended.[11]
Umpires cast their votes for each game independent of eligibility criteria of the players; i.e. umpires can cast votes for players who have already been suspended during that season if they perceive them to be amongst the best on the ground. Prior to 1991, votes could not be awarded to a player in a match in which he was reported, but this rule was eliminated in 1991 so that a player would not be disadvantaged if he would have gained votes in a match in which he was reported but later cleared by the tribunal.[12]
On three occasions, an ineligible player has tallied the highest number of Brownlow votes:
In 1996, Corey McKernan received the same number of votes as the joint-winners James Hird and Michael Voss. McKernan was suspended for one match during the season for kneeing. McKernan was named the AFL Players Association MVP in the same year, which is not subject to the same eligibility criteria.
In 1997, Chris Grant polled one more vote than winner Robert Harvey. Grant was suspended for one match during the season for striking.
In 2012, Jobe Watson was originally declared the winner by polling four more votes than runners up Trent Cotchin and Sam Mitchell, however in November 2016, he was retrospectively deemed ineligible for the award, due to his part in the Essendon Football Club supplements saga, and the title was given to Cotchin and Mitchell.
Criticism
Although the award remains the most prestigious individual award, different aspects of the award have come under criticism.
Eligibility
Some believe that suspension is not a reasonable sole measure of fairness, and the argument has been made that many offences worthy of a one-match suspension are caused by negligent play, rather than intentionally unfair play. The temporary break from tradition under the demerit points-based tribunal system (which saw players being ineligible despite not having served suspensions) was also criticised as confusing. Prominent players, including dual-winner Chris Judd, have indicated a desire to have the eligibility criterion removed from the award (effectively eliminating the fairest component altogether);[13] but this view is not universally held, and 1958 winner Neil Roberts stated in 1988 that he would hand back his medal if the fairness criterion were removed.[14] In 2002, Essendon coach Kevin Sheedy suggested altering the ineligibility criteria: "...maybe you have to be suspended for three or four weeks and really do something awful."[15]
Midfielder bias
The award has come under scrutiny because the medal is almost always won by midfield players,[16] with relatively few other positional players ever winning.[17] Some put this bias down to umpires being more likely to notice players who are most immediately around them during the game, although it has been noted that most other major best and fairest award – including those voted by media and coaches – experience similar midfielder bias.[18] The view of midfielder bias which has existed for at least 80 years—in a column for The Herald in September 1938, Bert Barclay wrote: "Under the present method, men playing on the full-forward or full-back lines have little chance of winning the award usually being won by men most constantly in the play who are able to stand out in comparatively weak sides." [19]
Former Adelaide and Melbourne player Bernie Vince said in 2021: "[umpires] throw the ball up, they're right around the footy, of course they're going to see the players that are around the footy at the stoppage, all the midfielders",[20] while dual-premiership captain Wayne Carey said in a 2014 article: "You can't begrudge the umpires for their selections each week, but it stands to reason that they tend to revert to the players who are most in their vision."[21] Four-time premiership player and three-time Coleman Medallist Jason Dunstall questioned in 2021: "What does a forward or a defender have to do? ... What sort of season do they have to put together? ... We've got to come up with something that recognises the other players."[22]
Vote stealing
The system is noted as favoring stronger players in comparatively weaker teams to win the Brownlow, with teams with talented sets of team-mates able steal votes off each other. This view has been around for at least 90 years, as a column in The Australasian in September 1934 wrote: "It is evident, therefore, that the system favours a good player in a weak, or comparatively weak team, as he is more frequently under notice than would be the case if the other members of the team were up to the necessary standard."[23]
Umpires voting
People have also criticised the practice of leaving the voting up to the umpires.[24][20][25][26] Some have also questioned their ability to correctly assess which players influenced the match while also administering the complex laws of the game. Barclay also wrote in his 1938 column: "Field umpires have enough to do without attending to Brownlow Medal voting, and it is suggested that this duty be given to the representative of the Umpires Board at each match" [27]
In response to this, many have suggested coaches, an independent panel, or media be involved in the voting process.[20][21][28] Former player Brendon Goddard said after the 2022 Brownlow: "I've been for a separate panel going into each game and voting on the 3-2-1, whether that be two or three individuals or even just one person ... so, I think that'll give a true reflection, at the end of the day, of the best and fairest player.[25]
Award ceremony
Crown Resorts, current home of the Brownlow Medal ceremony
Over the years, the award ceremony has become increasingly elaborate, with footballers and their dates gradually becoming more fashion-conscious.[29] This aspect of the night has become widely reported by gossip columns, with the red carpet arrival often humorously referred to as the 'Gownlow'.[30] The ceremony is currently held at Crown Melbourne on the Monday five days prior to the AFL Grand Final. Only three times since the award's inception in 1924 has the count been held outside of Melbourne: when it was held in Sydney in 1999,[31][32] and in 2020 and 2021 when the event was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic preventing the event from being held in Melbourne.[33] In years past, prospective Grand Final players have attended the ceremony in person, but in recent years non-Victorian Grand Final teams have declined to attend the ceremony due to the inconvenience of travel in such an important week; a live video link to Brownlow functions in their home city is done instead.
The event itself consists of the votes for each match being read out in succession by the CEO of the AFL, interspersed with a retrospective look at highlights from each round of the season and commentary from the broadcast network's usual football commentary team.
The integrity of the award is upheld by the tight security and secrecy surrounding the votes. Once the umpires make their decision, the votes are locked away and transported by armoured security vehicles. No one except the three umpires knows exactly who has been voted for, and as different umpires vote on different games, no one can be sure of who will win. Unlike most award ceremonies, the votes are not tallied or even opened until they are actually announced on the night, so the drama is maintained until late on the actual night, when the result sometimes comes down to the final round of votes.
From 1959 until 1974 radio stations including 3UZ, 3KZ and 3AW broadcast the vote counts. 1116 SEN now covers the count. Direct television telecasts began in 1970, when the venue was the Dallas Brooks Hall, and have occurred every year since.
Some bookmakers offer bets on the winner of the Brownlow Medal. A number of well-publicised plunges on the betting odds of supposed winners has led to increasingly elaborate security measures to ensure the Brownlow votes are kept secret until the vote count.[34][35][36]
Since 1987, the theme used in the moments after the winning player has been announced is the end credits theme from The Untouchables.
During World War II, there was an Australian rules football competition amongst the prisoners of war held at Singapore's Changi prison. There were four teams named "Geelong", "Essendon", "Collingwood" and "Carlton". The standard was reportedly high, with some of the players having appeared in the major league in Australia. At the end of the final season in 1943, Corporal Peter Chitty won a makeshift award known as the "Changi Brownlow", which his family later donated to the Australian War Memorial. It is variously claimed the medal was originally a piece of an aircraft wing or part of a kitchen utensil. The War Memorial states that it may have been an old soccer medallion found in stores and refashioned and engraved. The presentation was made by former Brownlow Medallist Wilfred Smallhorn, who was too ill to play.[38][39]
↑ A photograph of the citation appears at Ross, (1996), p.116.
↑ "LEAGUE FOOTBALL". The Argus. Melbourne. 25 April 1931. p.20. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2012– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Brownlow Medal". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 24 April 1924. p.9.
1 2 "Brownlow Medal – Conditions of Award Conflict". The Herald. Melbourne, VIC. 18 September 1930. p.15.
↑ "BROWNLOW MEDAL". The Australasian. Vol.CXXXVII, no.4, 473. Victoria, Australia. 29 September 1934. p.48. Retrieved 26 September 2025– via National Library of Australia.
Known as the Victorian Football League from 1897–1989; no grand finals were held in 1897 and 1924
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