Retrospective

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A retrospective (from Latin retrospectare, "look back"), generally, is a look back at events that took place, or works that were produced, in the past. As a noun, retrospective has specific meanings in software development, popular culture, and the arts. It is applied as an adjective, synonymous with the term retroactive , to laws, standards, and awards.

Contents

Film retrospectives are usually screenings of films grouped around a theme or a particular director. They are mounted as part of many film festivals, including the Retrospective section in the Berlin International Film Festival, [1] Sundance, [2] Locarno Film Festival, [3] Byron Bay Film Festival [4] They are also held by cinemas [5] [6] or various types of organisations. [7] [8] The Lincoln Center in New York City has held many film retrospectives in the form of screenings as well as podcasts. [9]

A retrospective art exhibition is an art exhibition of visual art that presents works from an extended period of an artist's activity. [10] [11] [12]

A retrospective compilation album is assembled from a recording artist's past material, often their greatest hits. [13] Often the word is included in the title, such as Retrospective: The Best of Buffalo Springfield , released after the band's breakup in 1969, and Retrospective, a 1978 album of songs by Australian singer-songwriter Russell Morris.

A television or newsstand special about an actor, politician, or other celebrity will present a retrospective of the subject's career highlights.[ citation needed ] A leading (usually elderly) academic may be honored with a Festschrift, an honorary book of articles or a lecture series relating topically to a retrospective of the honoree's career.[ citation needed ] Celebrity roasts good-naturedly mock the career of the guest of honor, often in a retrospective format.[ citation needed ]

Awards

A retrospective or retroactive award is one which is created and then awarded to persons who would have received it at a time when the awards were not given, such as the 1945 Retrospective Hugo Awards for science fiction. [14]

Law

The term is used in situations where the law (statutory, civil, or regulatory) is changed or reinterpreted, affecting acts committed before the alteration. When such changes make a previously committed lawful act now unlawful in a retroactive manner, this is known as an ex post facto law or retroactive law. Because such laws punish the accused for acts that were not unlawful when committed, they are rare, and not permissible in most legal systems. [15] [16]

Conversely, a form of retrospective law commonly called an amnesty law may decriminalize certain acts. A pardon has a similar effect, in a specific case instead of a class of cases. An in mitius change may alleviate possible consequences for unlawful acts (for example, by replacing the death sentence with lifelong imprisonment) retroactively. Finally, when a previous law is repealed or otherwise nullified, it is no longer applicable to situations to which it had been, even if such situations arose before the law was voided; this principle is known as nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali .[ citation needed ]

Software development

The term is also used in software engineering, where a retrospective is a meeting held by a project team at the end of a project or process (often after an iteration) to discuss what was successful about the project or time period covered by that retrospective, what could be improved, and how to incorporate the successes and improvements in future iterations or projects. In agile development, retrospectives play a very important role in iterative and incremental development. At the end of every iteration, a retrospective is held to look for ways to improve the process for the next iteration. [17] [18] [19]

Standards

In the context of scientific and technical standards, retrospectivity applies current norms to material that pre-dates new rules. An example of a retrospective or retroactive standard is the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN Code), a convention which governs the formal scientific naming of animals, of which the 4th edition is effective since 2000. All previous editions of the ICZN Code, or previous other rules and conventions, are disregarded today, [20] and the scientific names published in former times are to be evaluated only under the present edition of the ICZN Code.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

An ex post facto law is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences or status of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law. In criminal law, it may criminalize actions that were legal when committed; it may aggravate a crime by bringing it into a more severe category than it was in when it was committed; it may change the punishment prescribed for a crime, as by adding new penalties or extending sentences; it may extend the statute of limitations; or it may alter the rules of evidence in order to make conviction for a crime likelier than it would have been when the deed was committed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Snow</span> Canadian artist (1928–2023)

Michael James Aleck Snow was a Canadian artist who worked in a range of media including film, installation, sculpture, photography, and music. His best-known films are Wavelength (1967) and La Région Centrale (1971), with the former regarded as a milestone in avant-garde cinema.

Agile software development is an umbrella term for approaches to developing software that reflect the values and principles agreed upon by The Agile Alliance, a group of 17 software practitioners, in 2001. As documented in their Manifesto for Agile Software Development the practitioners value:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinema of Iran</span>

The cinema of Iran, or of Persia, refers to the film industry in Iran. In particular, Iranian art films have garnered international recognition. Iranian films are usually written and spoken in the Persian language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edinburgh International Film Festival</span> Movie festival in Scotland

The Edinburgh International Film Festival (EIFF), established in 1947, is the world's oldest continually running film festival. EIFF presents both UK and international films, in all genres and lengths. It also presents themed retrospectives and other specialized programming strands.

Clara Law Cheuk-yiu is a Hong Kong Second Wave film director who moved to Australia with her partner and fellow filmmaker Eddie Fong. She is known for such films as Floating Life and Autumn Moon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Locarno Film Festival</span> Annual film festival in Locarno, Switzerland

The Locarno Film Festival is a major international film festival, held annually in Locarno, Switzerland. Founded in 1946, the festival screens films in various competitive and non-competitive sections, including feature-length narrative, documentary, short, avant-garde, and retrospective programs. The Piazza Grande section is held in an open-air venue that seats 8,000 spectators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thessaloniki International Film Festival</span> Annual film festival held in Thessaloniki, Greece

The Thessaloniki International Film Festival (TIFF) is a film festival held every November in Thessaloniki, Greece. It is organized by the Thessaloniki Film Festival under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Culture. It features international competition sections, and its program includes tributes to major filmmakers and national cinemas, as well as sidebar events such as masterclasses, exhibitions, live concerts and workshops. In addition to TIFF, the Thessaloniki Film Festival holds the annual Thessaloniki Documentary Festival (TDF) in March.

The American Cinematheque is an independent, non-profit cultural organization in Los Angeles, California, United States that represents the public presentation of the moving image in all its forms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mania Akbari</span> Iranian filmmaker

Mania Akbari is an Iranian filmmaker, artist, writer, and curator whose works explore women's rights, marriage, sexual identity, disease and body image. Her style, in contrast to the long tradition of melodrama in Iranian cinema, is rooted in the visual arts and autobiography. Because of the taboo themes frankly discussed in her films and her opposition to censorship, she is considered one of the most controversial filmmakers in Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Horizons Film Festival</span> Annual film festival held in Wroclaw, Poland

New Horizons Film Festival is an international film festival held annually in July in Wrocław, Poland. It has been organised since 2001. It is one of the biggest and most popular film festivals in Poland. Since 2008 it is accredited by FIAPF with an "avant-garde" specialised competitive status.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ben Rivers</span>

Ben Rivers is an artist and experimental filmmaker based in London, England. His work has been screened at film festivals and galleries around the world and have won numerous awards. Rivers' work ranges in themes, including exploring unknown wilderness territories to candid and intimate portraits of real-life subjects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denis Côté</span> Canadian filmmaker and producer

Denis Côté is a Canadian independent filmmaker and producer living in Quebec, of Brayon origin. His experimental films have been shown at major film festivals around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anne Émond</span> Canadian film director and screenwriter

Anne Émond is a Canadian film director and screenwriter, currently based in Montreal, Quebec.

<i>From What Is Before</i> 2014 Filipino film

From What Is Before is a 2014 Filipino drama film directed by Lav Diaz. The film follows a remote town in the Philippines during the 1970s under the Marcos dictatorship. The film had its world premiere in the Philippines on July 3, 2014, and competed at the 2014 Locarno International Film Festival where it won the main prize, the Golden Leopard.

Thomas Imbach is an independent filmmaker based in Zürich, Switzerland. With his production company Bachim Films, Imbach produced his own work until 2007. He then founded Okofilm Productions with director/producer Andrea Staka. All of his films have been theatrically released and Imbach has won numerous awards for his work, both in Switzerland and abroad. With Well Done (1994) and Ghetto (1997) Imbach established his trademark audio-visual style, which is based on a combination of cinema- verité camerawork and fast-paced editing. His fiction features Happiness is a Warm Gun, as well as Lenz (2006), I Was a Swiss Banker (2007) and the fictive autobiography Day is Done (2011) all premiered at the Berlinale. His latest feature film Mary Queen of Scots celebrated its premiere in Locarno and at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2013. His latest documentary Nemesis celebrated its international premiere at International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam 2020, where it received the Prize for Best Cinematography. Thomas Imbach is currently considered one of the most unconventional and consistent Swiss filmmakers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gabriel Mascaro</span> Brazilian film director (born 1983)

Gabriel Mascaro is a Brazilian visual artist and film director.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">69th Locarno Film Festival</span> Film festival in Locarno, Switzerland

The 69th Festival del film Locarno was held 3–13 August 2016 in Locarno, Switzerland. Carlo Chatrian was the festival's Artistic Director.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kevin Jerome Everson</span>

Kevin Jerome Everson is an artist working in film, painting, sculpture, and photography. He was born in Mansfield, Ohio and currently resides in Virginia. He holds an MFA from Ohio University, and a BFA from the University of Akron, and is Professor of Art at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

References

  1. ↑ "News & Topics". 17 December 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  2. ↑ "The Sundance Film Festival: A Retrospective". ASMALLWORLD. 2 January 2025. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  3. ↑ "Film Sections". Locarno Film Festival. Archived from the original on 2 Jan 2025. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  4. ↑ "BBFF2020 Retrospective". BBFF. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  5. ↑ "Retroselective". Cinema Nova. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  6. ↑ "Cult Classics". Ritz Cinemas. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  7. ↑ "Film Screenings: Dir. Kinuyo Tanaka Retrospective". The Japan Foundation, Sydney. 4 May 1937. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  8. ↑ "Cinema". Art Gallery of NSW. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  9. ↑ "Retrospective Archives". Film at Lincoln Center. 16 February 2023. Archived from the original on 19 Dec 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  10. ↑ Schwartzman, Allan (14 May 2018). "10 Museum Retrospectives That Need To Happen". Sothebys.com. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  11. ↑ "Charles White: A Retrospective". The Museum of Modern Art. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  12. ↑ "REKOSPECTIVE: The Art of Reko Rennie". NGV. 11 October 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  13. ↑ Laurent, Flo (1 August 2024). "Bryan Ferry announces Retrospective album and shares Bob Dylan cover". Hotpress. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  14. ↑ "Retrospective Hugo Awards". The Hugo Award. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  15. ↑ "Retrospective Laws". Rule of Law Education Centre. 1 September 1939. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  16. ↑ "A common law principle". ALRC. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  17. ↑ "Agile Retrospectives". Collaboration software for software, IT and business teams. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  18. ↑ Francino, Yvette (7 October 2021). "What is an Agile retrospective? Definition from SearchSoftwareQuality". Search Software Quality. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  19. ↑ Rojewski, Anders (28 January 2021). "Agile Retrospectives: the Why, the What, and the How". Neatro. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  20. ↑ "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 86.3". Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
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