Action from a match at the Linkbelt Oval in Nauru in 1999. Australian rules football in Nauru is the national sport.Map of the world indicating the nations where Australian rules football was most played in 2009. The stronger regions are indicated in shades of red, areas in which it was most played; areas where it was unknown or least played are indicated in grey.
Australia is the only country with professional teams, now located in every state. However it is strongest (by participation rate and overall interest) in the Australian states and territories of the Northern Territory, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia and Tasmania. The sport is moderately popular in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. These account for more than half of the population, and are part of a cultural divide known as the Barassi line, however player numbers there have grown significantly in recent decades.
In the last century it has grown as a spectator sport in many countries. It is extremely popular in Nauru where it is considered the national sport and has the highest participation rate in the world. It also has a small but growing audience in New Zealand and China where recent Australian Football League (AFL) premiership matches have been played. It has also gone through a recent revival in Papua New Guinea after several decades of decline. Since its relatively recent introduction to the South Pacific and the Indian subcontinent the code has grown rapidly particularly in Pakistan, India and Fiji. In India, the sport has attracted crowds with thousands of spectators to local matches, with the record of 20,000 being the highest outside of Australia.
While Australia still accounts for the overwhelming majority of players worldwide, the sport outside of Australia has grown rapidly since the 1980s, from just a few hundred players in a handful of clubs and countries to a record 170,744 (compared to Australia's 549,400) by 2017. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the sport outside of Australia was growing at a rate of 25% per annum (compared to Australia's growth rate of 10%) with the majority of this growth coming from the Asia Pacific region.[1] Countries outside of Australia now account for almost a third of the sport's total players. Only a fraction of these players have access to a pathway to play the sport professionally, as such the majority of professional players still come from Australia. Despite these obstacles, players from all Australian states and territories have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. In 2013 Jim Stynes was posthumously recognised as the first overseas born and raised Hall of Famer. Since the 2010s internationally developed players have begun to register matches at international, professional level or both, including Hewago Oea (Papua New Guinea/AFL) and Danielle Marshall (United States/AFLW).
Australian rules football spread throughout the world by the 1910s, however in the first major study of the early international growth of the code de Moore (2021) cites a "lack of systematic support from its heartland"[2] and the then VFL (now AFL)'s disregard for representative football, amateurism and the global growth in popularity of other football codes (particularly rugby)[3][4] as the key reasons for the code's rapid early 20th century decline in places like South Africa, New Zealand and the United States. Similar reasons caused the code to disappear in Queensland and much of New South Wales at the end of the 19th century.
The first tournament to feature a national side (New Zealand) was the 1908 Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival. The first recognised contest between two open level national sides was in 1976 between Papua New Guinea and Nauru in front of a crowd of over 10,000 at Sir Hubert Murray Stadium in Port Moresby which was won by PNG by 129 points.[5] There are now several large 18 or 16 a side international tournaments, the biggest worldwide being: the Australian Football International Cup (2002-), AFL Europe Championship (2010-), Asian Australian Football Championships (1999-) and 49th Parallel Cup (1999-). These all feature male and female competitions. With the cancellation of the International Cup for 2024, new open age regional representative tournaments including the Pacific Cup, Trans-Atlantic Cup and Asia Cup have been established. There are now also junior international competitions, the biggest being the Oceania Cup (2009-) in which eight pacific nations have competed, and the Pacific Cup.
The first ever full international match involving Australia was played in 1977 at under 17 level against Papua New Guinea in Adelaide, with Australia taking the honours.[6] Australia has, however, never competed at open international level. Since the 2000s it began to participate in matches against the senior teams of South Africa (2007-2010) and New Zealand (2012-2019) as the development AFL Academy side and state amateur teams have also contested these and other countries and composite World XVIII teams. In addition, indigenous and multicultural teams from Australia have competed internationally including the Flying Boomerangs in the Pacific region and a Indigenous & Multicultural (OzIM) composite amateurs team into the 2011 Australian Football International Cup.
Players
Participation
The latest figures released in 2019 indicate that there are 185,173 players outside of Australia growing at around 10% per annum.[7] The majority of the growth since the 2010s has been in the Asia, with the largest increases in participation being registered in the Indian subcontinent.
The table below includes officially reported numbers from countries that have had a representative team compete in a major international tournament.
In 2007 there was just 34,845 players outside of Australia.[19] This figure had grown to 106,000 in 2016 and at least 20 leagues recognised by the game's governing body.[21] By 2017 the figure was 170,744 (11% of total players) growing at a rate of 25% per annum.[1] Since 2017, regional bodies such as AFL Asia and AFL Europe have published annual censuses of participation, providing a better picture of the sport's global participation.
Professionalism
The Australian Football League is the only fully professional competition in the world and there are currently no high profile semi-professional competitions located outside of Australia. According to a 2023 study by CodeSports the professional AFL ignores the vast majority of its national and worldwide grassroots in its player pathway to focus almost exclusively on Melbourne's wealthy private schools through the Talent League and the AFL Draft.[22] It, South Australia and Tasmania are the only jurisdictions in the world from which the number of professional AFL players are disproportionately higher than their share of registered players. Together more than 75% of all professional players are from these 3 southeastern states.
There have been several players in the VFL/AFL who were born outside Australia and since 1982, an increasing number of players have been recruited from outside Australia through initiatives such as the Irish experiment and more recently, international scholarship programs. There are currently limited pathways for amateur players overseas into the AFL and AFL Women's, however talented players may be identified via international tournaments.
Despite these obstacles, players from all Australian states and territories have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. In 2013 Jim Stynes was posthumously recognised as the first overseas born and raised Hall of Famer. Since the 2010s internationally developed players have begun to register matches at international, professional level or both, including Hewago Oea (Papua New Guinea/AFL) and Danielle Marshall (United States/AFLW).
Australian rules football in Australia
The 'Barassi Line' has traditionally divided Australia, with the code's popularity being highest to the west of the line (yellow area).
Australian rules football traditionally has seen its greatest support in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, the Northern Territory and the Riverina region of New South Wales. The Barassi Line is used to the dichotomy in support for the code between the south west and north east of the country and areas where rugby football is significantly more popular. In some areas, such as Western Sydney and Western Queensland, the code is still barely known.
Professional leagues were historically state-specific until VFL's (now AFL) national expansion in 1982 which resulted in clubs in Sydney, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide by 1991. While players had previously been recruited from others states to the VFL (as well as other state leagues), this reduced the significance of existing state leagues to semi-professional feeder competitions. With its new national focus the AFL implemented a National draft giving its clubs access to talent throughout the country.
According to the ABC, the AFL draft has provided a proven talent pathway across the entire country with players drafted from all states and territories.[23] When broken down regionally, however there are some marked disparities in the AFL pathway. By far the most professional talent per capita is from the Riverina in New South Wales with 8.5 AFL players per 10,000 head of population.[23] In terms of direct recruitment from community clubs, areas such as Queensland's West and Wide Bay–Burnett and New South Wales' Mid North Coast, Southern Highlands and Shoalhaven have produced no players since the inception of the national draft up to 2021.
While Victoria in 2017 accounted for just 30% of all players worldwide, and 40% of Australian players, more than 60% of the professional AFL players played their junior football there, reflecting also the composition of the competition's professional clubs.[22]
Since becoming a national league, the AFL has continued its attempt to grow in areas such as Western Sydney which have high populations but an extremely low participation and audience and has done this primarily by establishing professional teams and academies in these areas.[24]
H. C. A. Harrison, the "Father of Australian Football" had a significant interest in the growth of the game outside of Australia
As the game was becoming established in Australia, it was also establishing outposts around the world.
It was played in New Zealand as early as 1868 and possibly earlier with clubs at Nelson and Wellington adopting the code despite the rapid growth of rugby there, though the game struggled until its eventual disappearance by 1914. Australian rules football in Ireland is suggested by some Irish historians including Paddy Begley to have originated with returning Irishmen from the Australian goldfields in County Kerry as early as 1874, which other Irish historians claim formed the early basis for Gaelic football in that country.[26][27][28]
H C A Harrison, considered the "father of Australian Football" toured Auckland in 1883 with the Australian cricket team and met with the governing body of Rugby Union, proposing that it switch to Victorian Association Rules, and would be in turn raising the idea of a universal form of football with football authorities in England. New Zealand football officials also noted English officials rejection of Harrison's suggestion during his visit to London that rugby clubs there adopt some of the Victorian Rules.[29]
George Cornelius shocked the VFA in 1896 by leaving in his prime to become one of the most successful founders of organised Australian Football overseas
Australian rules football in South Africa began with the Witwatersrand Gold Rush bringing an influx of Australians to Johannesburg in 1886, and there were a large number of migrants across the goldfields of South Africa.[33] A 1904 recollection of the Australian game in South Africa cites a book called "Martin's Australian Football Guide" that claims that on the goldfields early footballers of various nationalities would alternate between soccer, rugby and Australian rules, and this happened prior to the outbreak of the war, with Australians beating the other nationalities at their own games contributing to the impression that the Australian game was the more skillful of the codes.[34] The Wanderers Football Club based at Old Wanderers in Johannesburg formed by Australian Association cricket members as an off-shoot in December 1896 was the first known club in the country.[33][35] Among the early instigators of the game in Durban was George Cornelius in 1896 who left as Port Melbourne Football Club's youngest ever captain at age 20 and began organising and captaining matches there.[36] The game there lasted there until 1914.
Australian Football teams in Durban, South Africa, 1900. The game survived there until 1914.
Pretoria Football Club. Pretoria South Africa, 1903
Natal and Transvaal colony teams. Durban, South Africa, 1904
Commonwealth Football Club in Johannesburg, South Africa with the Elliot Shield 1905
The First World Governing Body and early international competition: 1906-1914
The silver fern announces New Zealand's admission to the 1908 Jubilee Carnival
In New Zealand, where proximity to Australia saw a formidable league, the sport quickly grew to a sizeable 115 clubs by the turn of the 20th century. As the game spread there, it became known as Australasian Football. In 1905, two representatives from the Colony of New Zealand (one from the North Island and one from the South) attended the Australasian Football Conference[41][42] and became the first and only to be admitted from outside of Australia into the newly formed Australasian Football Council (AFC). The AFC was initially presided by Victorian interests, with the VFL's Con Hickey in charge. New Zealand never competed against Australia, though it successfully lobbied to send a side to the 1908 carnival held in Melbourne to celebrate 50 years of Australian Football, defeating both New South Wales and Queensland. Two years later, Australia's Victorian and South Australian representatives began a campaign to exclude the Dominion of New Zealand from representation on the council.[43][44]
In 1906 delegates from newly formed clubs in South Africa requested a representative senior match against the VFL featuring players from clubs in Johannesburg, Pretoria and Durban, which the Victorian league replied it would consider, however the proposed match did not proceed.[45] H C A Harrison expressed some regret at the AFC's decision to exclude South Africa from the 1908 Carnival.[2]
The United States and Canada would compete against each other and against a Western Australian sponsored junior team between 1911 and 1912.[46][47][48] While the tours were mostly successful, the AFC's refusal to sanction the tours caused significant stress to the fledgeling governing bodies of both countries. Nevertheless growth of the code in the US was such that in 1914 it requested the Australasian Football Council send its a senior Australian team to tour,[49] to which the AFC never responded.
Australian rules football in Japan began with a four high schools in Tokyo in 1910[50] While the AFC, the Western Australian sponsored tour to North America also was also proposed to include Japan before it ran short of funds.[51] It was shortlived in the country and believed to have lasted only until 1912. Japan also requested international matches in 1911.
Canada's junior Australian Football Team in Vancouver, August 1912. The game survived there from 1905 to at least 1914.
Nationalist agenda of the VFL and AFC
Jack Simons, a pioneering West Australian administrator, defied the AFC to oversee growth in juniors across Australia, the United States and Canada. Simons was scathing of the VFL's conflict of interest in putting profits before the growth of the game.AFC president and VFL representative Con Hickey was obsessed with gaining marketshare in Sydney and was staunchly opposed to the game being played overseas, instead advocating for a [failed] merger with rugby league.
Post-Federation of the Australian colonies, the game's governing bodies became highly insular in their approach. In particular, until the middle of the century, the game's premier leagues, the newly formed and increasingly professional VFL (and to a lesser extent the South Australian league), were preferential in the support they provided to overseas competitions to those areas perceived to pose the least potential threat to their status. They had become staunchly opposed to the game's development in larger first world nations. Faced with the growth of British sports and their increasing professionalism in Australia and growing interest around the world in the Australian game the Australasian Football Council (led by the VFL) implemented a domestic policy for game development in 1906. The Council's policy reflected the strong Australian nationalism of the time "one flag, one destiny, one football game" - that as the national code, all matches should be played under an Australian flag, with an Australian manufactured ball where possible on Australian soil, by the whole nation.[52] The Victorian and South Australian delegates believed that they could better defend their premier status in Australia by allocating all its promotional resources to grow its marketshare in New South Wales and Queensland.While it allowed voting member New Zealand to send a team to the 1908 carnival, the policy meant no touring sides and the phasing out of financial support which stymied the game outside Australia creating significant financial and logistic barriers for overseas sides to compete. The nationalistic policies were reinforced by the 1908 Prime Ministerial speech of former player Alfred Deakin delivered at the opening of the 1908 carnival[53] and would underpin the governing body's international policy for more than half a century.
In 1907, then AFC president Con Hickey declared that despite the game being played overseas the primary focus should be on inter-state competition and that there was no intention to "oust rugby" in places where it was growing in popularity.[54] Despite rapid growth the Council had, prior to 1907, allocated just 20% of its promotional budget for promote the game internationally (entirely to New Zealand), with the majority allocated domestically to New South Wales (50%) and Queensland (30%).[55] The move would prove short-sighted as the promotional effect of the code switch of Dally Messenger, known for displaying spectacular Victorian Rules-like skill, proved a devastating blow and facilitated the rapid rise of Rugby league in New South Wales.[56] Rugby league's rise there was followed by strong growth in Queensland and in New Zealand which helped push Australian Football further into obscurity. The VFL through Hickey had put many of its resources into brokering a deal with the rugby league authorities that would see it control the game across Australia. Coexistence with rugby and the promise of a universal football code was part of its ambition of keeping growth of the game in Australia under its national (and international) control.[57] However despite the backing of the AFC's New Zealand and New South Wales delegates who faced increasing competition from the rugby codes, and years of lobbying, the venture failed never gained acceptance from rugby league's governing bodies.[58]
Following the 1908 Melbourne Carnival political tensions within the Australasian Football Council became heated with Victorian and South Australian delegates calling for all international initiatives to cease in order to put all available resources into New South Wales and Queensland to nationalise the game. By 1909, the first casualty of the AFC's policy was the once thriving South African competition.[59][2] In 1911, the AFC withdrew all financial support to New Zealand which the delegate called a "death warrant for the sport" in the country[60] and by 1913 all of the remaining players had switched to rugby.[61] In 1913 following an unsanctioned North American tour from and to Australia, the AFC threatened to expell Western Australia unless it immediately stopped of its international initiatives. After years of supporting the game internationally, Western Australia finally complied, leaving the United States and Canada without support from Australia[62] which resulted in Canada withdrawing from the sport. In 1914 a lengthy debate and 89 page report was commissioned to justify the Council's move to expell New Zealand[63][64] which was passed.[63] With the motion passed and the last remaining international support withdrawn, the council removed the reference to Australasia.[65] While the sport continued in the United States after World War I, the AFC's withdraw of support ensured that it eventually died there also.[66][67]
Between the Wars: Decline and hiatus:1914-1945
World War I saw the game being played by Australian servicemen around the world, particularly in Egypt, and in Europe in France, Belgium, and England. In 1914, H C A Harrison reported that the game was being played regularly at both Oxford and Cambridge universities,[68] though records of matches prior to it becoming an annual event in 1921 are scant.
It is generally believed that international interest and support for Australian rules football died following World War I, though there is evidence of a small continuous supporter base spanning several decades and that the administrators of the game, at least in Victoria, showed little interest in promoting the sport overseas.[69] By 1920, it was obvious to Australian observers that the game in outside Australia was struggling, with rugby league commentators in Sydney gloating that the Australian code had all but died in South Africa and New Zealand, while the rugby codes in contrast, through strong assistance from Britain, were now thriving.[70]
Nauru after the war had already become established as by far the preferred sport[71] with thriving senior and junior local competitions.
International competition in the sport became non-existent for three quarters of the 20th century. The return of many Australian expatriates from overseas gold fields and tours of duty, combined with Australia's low profile on the world stage, offered few opportunities for the game to grow during this time.[citation needed] With the withdrawal of its New Zealand delegates, the sport returned to the title of Australian Football, governed by the Australian Football Council. Concerned primarily with the growth of their own domestic competitions, the Australian leagues and governing bodies made little effort to develop or promote the game until the 1950s, and the council's role was mainly to oversee the growing importance of interstate test matches.
Nevertheless, the longest running fixture outside of Australia, the annual Varsity match between Oxford and Cambridge in England, has been held annually since 1921, and has emerged into a fierce rivalry, worthy of half-blue status at Oxford.[72] Apart from this match, however the game was rarely played in England.
Even in his later years H C A Harrison retained an interest in the game growing internationally and was genuinely surprised in 1927 to learn that a very similar game was rapidly growing in popularity in Ireland.[73]
Police team lining up for a football match at Nauru in 1916. The game there received continued support from Australia.
World War II saw some servicemen play the game overseas, particularly in Malaysia, Indonesia, Egypt, and Algeria. During the Vietnam War, matches were even played by servicemen against the local Vietnamese.
In the 1960s, Australian leagues began to show some interest in expansion of the game outside of Australia. 1963 saw the first Australian rules football exhibition matches played in the United States. Australian state leagues began occasionally promoting themselves in this way over the following decades.
Since 1967, there have been many matches between Australian and Irish teams, under various sets of hybrid, compromise rules. In 1984, the first official representative matches of International rules football were played, and these games have continued to be played annually each October, now attracting considerable public interest, drawing sizeable crowds, and receiving regular television coverage. New Zealand resumed a local competition in 1974.
The first full international test played between the national sides of Papua New Guinea and Nauru in front of a crowd of over 10,000 at Sir Hubert Murray Stadium in Port Moresby was won by PNG by 129 points.[5] This was followed by the first ever full international match involving Australia was played in 1977 at under 17 level against Papua New Guinea in Adelaide, with Australia taking the honours.[74]
Australia's High Commissioner in London with the captains of the Oxford and Cambridge teams for their Annual Varsity match (contested since 1911) in 1949
HMAS Vengeance and the "Wombats" (in the stripes) at Old Deer Park, London in 1952
Army Australia Rules Team Port Moresby 1968
Revival in Oceania:1970-1980
In the late 1980s, successful VFL exhibition matches attracted large crowds and spawned fledgling local competitions in both Japan and Canada. The Australian media showed only a token interest in the matches in London and Japan involving VFL clubs. It was during this decade that the sport was first televised in North America and the United Kingdom.[citation needed]
Some nationalities respond well to less formal means,[citation needed] however, and many trends in sporting activities are achieved outside formally organised programs. For instance, although Australian football was not formally established in Tonga until 2003 however informal matches had been introduced to schools as early as 1985.[citation needed]
Game spreads
The largest barriers to growth of Australian Football internationally have traditionally been distance, field availability, and player numbers. With a total of 36 players normally required for a game, and a cricket sized oval, organising games can be difficult in countries where space is a premium and devotees are spread widely. While these factors have not been a problem in Papua New Guinea or New Zealand, they did pose large problems to leagues in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. This disadvantage has been turned into an advantage with some organisers accepting modified versions of the game, such as nine-a-side, requiring fewer players and less space.
In the late 1980s, as organisers adapted, amateur leagues were established in Japan (1987), England, Denmark, and Canada (1989). In the case of Japan and Canada, these were directly sparked by VFL exhibition matches.
In the 1990s, the Australian diaspora had spread and amateur competition had grown in countries such as Sweden (1993), Germany (1995), the USA (1996), Argentina, Spain, Samoa (1997), and South Africa (1998), as well as a number of mainly expatriate teams, mainly based in South East Asia.
In 1993, interest in South Africa increased to the point where plans were made for powerful WAFL club Subiaco and Norwood from the SANFL to play two games in Johannesburg in 1994.[75]
During this time, the VFL expanded to become the AFL and began to command a greater national and international audience. Word of the sport grew out of AFL exhibition matches, cult television followings, and Internet communication. North American fans formed an organisation, AFANA, specifically to work for improved media coverage of Australian Football.
The traditionalists in the governing bodies of Australia (which became the AFL) were reluctant to sanction any games which were not played exactly according to the Laws of the Game, and the AFL initially did not recognise leagues that played the game on fields that did not closely match the proper dimensions, or had less than 16 players per side. Since the 1990s, these attitudes have changed somewhat, and the AFL and other development bodies have directly contributed to the development of the game overseas.
New world governing body ant international matches:1995-2002
Since 2000, fledgling competitions have been established in countries such as Ireland (2000), Tonga (2002), Scotland, France, and China (2005). Television and the internet have since helped to increase the awareness of the game outside of Australia.
Inspired by successful Arafura Games competitions, the inaugural Australian Football International Cup was held in Melbourne in 2002, an initiative of the IAFC and the AFL. The first International Cup also marked the beginnings of a very small media interest in the international aspects of the game in Australia.
At the 2002 International Cup, meetings held between the AFL, IAFC, and international teams saw a unanimous vote amongst member countries that the AFL become the de facto world governing body for the sport, with the leagues linked to the teams affiliating with the AFL. The IAFC's public relations officer, Brian Clarke, disputed this move and continued the organisation in name. This organisation was finally dissolved in 2005, dropping all public claims to being the world governing body for the sport and being replaced by the development organisation Aussie Rules International.
Boom in North America, Oceania and Asia: 2002-2010
In recent years, the game has grown particularly strongly in Papua New Guinea and New Zealand.
In 2004, a volunteer group known as World Footy News began documenting the growth of Australian football internationally through their website, becoming a major source of international football news, and for the first time providing a source of detailed coverage for the International Cups (2005 and 2008). Its website states that it "was created to foster awareness of Australian Football around the globe and to aid communication between clubs, leagues and individuals playing and supporting Aussie Rules". At various times between 2004 and 2007, other regularly updated sources included OziRulzGlobal, Fourth Quarter, and with slowly improving quantity, an International Leagues section of the AFL website.[76]
In 2005, after eight years of growing domestic competition, the South African government declared Australian Football to be the sport for "the new South Africa", injecting government funding into the sport.[77]
On 3 July 2006, the AFL announced that it had formed an International Development Committee to support overseas leagues.[citation needed] The AFL hopes to develop the game in other countries to the point where Australian football is played at an international level by top-quality sides from around the world.[citation needed] The AFL plans to host the International Cup regularly every three or four years, beginning in 2008, the 150th anniversary of the code.[78] Following the AFL's interest in the internationalisation of the game, coverage in the Australian media grew substantially.[citation needed]
Japan Samurai captain Michito Sakaki being tackled by a Vietnamese opponent in 2006
Action from a CEAFL match between Austria and Finland in 2007
Hong Kong Dragons winners of the 2007 Asian Australian Football Championships in Bangkok, Thailand
Papua New Guinea celebrates its International Cup win in 2008
Oxford vs Cambridge in 2008
Action from the 2010 ECAFL Grand Final in Quebec, Canada
AFL matches in Asia, New Zealand and growth in the Indian subcontinent: 2010-Present
The AFL in the late 2000s and early 2010s began a significant overseas push in an effort to boost the value of its international television rights.
The AFL's first target was one of the fastest growing and wealthiest per capita television markets in the world, and home to the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic - the United Arab Emirates. The AFL began a grassroots push there beginning with a NAB Cup exhibition match in Dubai and promoted a 9-a-side competition there. Interest in the game there however was shortlived and the local competition died out around 2010. However the promotion of the game there has benefited the league through Sport24 broadcasting it on international flights.
The second biggest television market in the world - China was the league's next major target. It invested in an exhibition match in Shanghai in 2010, and followed up with an AFL academy in 2011. Australian interests followed up with the construction of a dedicated AFL oval in Tianjin in 2011. The AFL Commission designed AFLX in 2017 as a means to promote the sport in China.[80] It scheduled a series of AFL Premiership matches was played at Jiangwan Stadium from 2017-2019, the first outside of Pacific, which attracted an average attendance of 10,073. However the AFL abandoned the program during the COVID pandemic and the Tianjin Oval became derelict. No athletes signed to the country's high performance program made it into the AFL. However the AFL was able to secure a broadcast partner and attracted a Chinese audience of 5.67 million viewers.[81]Star Sports now broadcasts AFL in mainland China.
The AFL began a program in New Zealand seeking an increasing its pay television broadcast deal with Sky Sport. On 25 April 2013, the first premiership match outside of Australia was held at Westpac Stadium in Wellington, New Zealand, between the Sydney Swans and the St Kilda Saints, and attracted a crowd of over 22,000 spectators.[82] As part of its New Zealand push the AFL began a direct talent pathway to the St Kilda Football Club and shifted its national academy matches from South Africa to New Zealand and established a New Zealand Combine. The AFL's New Zealand campaign was largely unsuccessful, with crowds and television audiences dwindling for the league's matches,[83] moderate growth in participation and athletes signed to the country's high performance program choosing to play professional rugby football instead. Unsatisfied with matches being based in the less populated centre of Wellington the AFL has unsuccessfully lobbied for development of an AFL standard oval stadium in its largest city Auckland. However Auckland has continued to invest in rectangular stadiums due to the increasing popularity of rugby football and soccer there. The AFL scrapped matches in New Zealand in 2015 and dropped its talent pathway campaign in 2019. Despite this, one New Zealand athlete, Mykelti Lefau, eventually made an AFL debut in 2024.
2008 NAB Cup match between Collingwood and Adelaide at Ghantoot Racing and Polo Club, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
In the Indian Subcontinent, the game there has boomed since 2010 due mainly to members of the Australia national cricket team who are major celebrities there, promoting it. Steve Waugh, Ricky Ponting and Shane Warne have all played a role in promoting its growth. Several of the television networks now support increasing AFL viewership. At the grassroots, the sport became firmly established in India in 2010, Pakistan in 2014 and Sri Lanka in 2016 with each of these countries since featuring in international tournaments. Participation exploded and within a decade the region's player base grew to more than 10,000 players, however no player pathway from the grassroots to the AFL exists. In 2017, an amateur match in India attracted over 6,000 spectators.[84] Another amateur match in Odisha, India in 2018 attracted a crowd of over 20,000,[85] the third largest outside of Australia and larger than any AFL match hosted overseas since 1987. With the cancellation of the AFL's International Cup, Pakistan has boosted AFL Asia's Asian Australian Football Championships winning Division 3 on debut.
Scenes after the siren at the Melbourne Cricket Ground as Papua New Guinea narrowly defeat New Zealand
The first truly international competitor in Australian Football was New Zealand. In 1908, the Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival was held to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Australian rules football. New Zealand (then representing a total of 115 clubs) defeated both New South Wales and Queensland in the carnival, but lost to Victoria and Tasmania.
Inspired by successful Arafura Games competitions, the inaugural Australian Football International Cup was held in Melbourne in 2002, as the last act of the IAFC, and held in conjunction with the AFL. The 2002 cup was contested by eleven teams from around the world, made up exclusively of non-Australians.[86] Ireland won, defeating Papua New Guinea in the final.
In the interim years, Japan and New Zealand played an annual game as a curtain raiser to the AFL games. The New Zealand national team were victorious by 100 points in 2003, and so, in 2004, a club side from Auckland played the game, which Japan lost by two points. The amateur Australian Convicts also toured, playing several matches against sides from developing nations.
In 2001 The United States, Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland competed in the Atalantic Alliance Cup. This was fore runner to other European competitions starting with the EU Cup which became the Euro Cup and also the Central European Australian Football league Championships .
In 2006, Denmark, Sweden and Germany competed in a tri-nations series, which was planned to be repeated annually.
The third Australian Football International Cup was held in 2008 by the AFL in Melbourne, with a record 16 teams competing. Papua New Guinea won their first title, defeating New Zealand, and South Africa controversially defeated Ireland by 1 point to finish third.[87]
The fourth Australian Football International Cup was held in 2011 by the AFL in Melbourne and Sydney, with a record 18 teams competing. Ireland won their second title by defeating Papua New Guinea who have appeared in every AFL International Cup grand final.
Other international competitions that included some Australian expatriates are also held, including the EU Cup, which was first held in 2005 in London, featuring ten teams. In 2007 the Cup was held in Hamburg, with twelve teams.
In 2013 the East Asia Australian Football League was formed with Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Jakarta and Laos competing. Also the South China Australian Football League consists of three teams from Hong Kong, Macau, Landau and Gangzhou.
Although the AFL is regarded as the world governing body, it does not publish statistics for matches that it does not specifically sanction. By 2009, the only attempt to consolidate all world rankings was created by the World Footy News website, which for 2008 listed 22 countries, from Australia (1st) through to India (22nd). Detailed criteria were given as to whether a country qualified for consideration, though ultimately the rankings were listed as unofficial, and are only noteworthy because of the lack of any other system. The unofficial 2008 Australian Football World Rankings.
International rules Australia vs Ireland
A series of hybrid International rules matches between the Australian Football League's best professional players and a representative Gaelic football team from Ireland's Gaelic Athletic Association amateur players known as the International Rules Series were staged annually between 1998 and 2017. The rules are a compromise between the two codes, using a round ball and a rectangular field. The fierce tackling of the Australian code is allowed, although this has caused controversy with the Irish players. The series have remained evenly matched with each side winning 10 of their encounters. The Irish team is known for its speed and skill and the Australians for their strength and power — both inherent skills in their respective codes.[citation needed]
International promotion, funding & governance
The International Australian football Council (IAFC) was formed in 1995 by a subset of playing countries to promote and develop Australian football internationally, before unanimously dissolving in favour of the AFL in 2002.
The AFL has stated that it does not see the need for a FIFA style governing body until at least 2050,[88] so it sees its role as primarily responsible for worldwide funding and governance. Despite this, it allocates a tiny fraction of its revenue with the majority (tens of millions) going to New South Wales and Queensland as has been the case for the majority of the code's development finding since the 1890s. This disparity has seen the AFL's commitment to growing the code outside of Australia has been questioned both within and outside of Australia.[89][90][91] It has also been questioned for spending large amounts of money promoting alternative sports such as AFLX and International Rules Football over Australian rules in an attempt to increase the league's appeal overseas.[92][93]
In the mid-2000s, it provided around $30 million for development of the game in Australia and around A$500,000 annually for international development, with the following breakdown in 2005:
Including AFL exhibition and NAB Cup matches, indigenous and AIS youth tours, International Cup funding and staff funding, this will have risen to around A$2,000,000 annually by 2008. Additional support for countries such as South Africa is leveraged through contacts with industry, and is increasingly adding to the total investment.
Much of the additional international promotion of the game is fuelled by exhibition matches, expatriate Australians, local leagues, and various AusAID projects. The internet is seen as a key tool in keeping diverse Australian football communities in contact.
Australia has had many women's leagues at both state and local level for decades. The first semi-professional women's Australian football league, the AFLW was founded in late 2016, after the AFL had conducted several exhibition matches over the previous few years. The inaugural season, held in 2017 was considered a huge success by the AFL. The league expanded multiple times between 2019 and 2022, and now each AFL club has both a men’s and women’s team.
Internationally, women's Australian football is played at amateur level in several countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, North America and parts of Europe and Asia. and a dozen teams have represented their nations at one or more Australian Football International Cup since 2011. Ireland and Canada have dominated thus far, being the only teams to contest the women's grand final in the competition. Ireland's team, nicknamed the Banshees, are the most recent winners, defeating Canada by just four points in the grand final of the 2017 tournament.
Junior competitions
Several countries now have youth Australian rules programs in place. These countries include Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Nauru, Denmark, South Africa, England, Indonesia, the United States, and Canada. The number of participants is quite high in PNG, RSA and NZ generally dependent on the level of AFL funding but some "private" endeavours in Canada and the UK have produced significant results.
The first fully representative junior international Australian football outside of Australia was played between England and Denmark in Farum, Denmark, in October 2005.[95] The Jakarta Bulldogs Australian Football Club,[96] founded in 2006 by Alf Eddy, was an Australian Football Club made up of Under 18-year-old expatriate and local students in Jakarta. The team played against local teams such as the Pancawati Eagles, Depok Garudas, and the Jakarta Bintangs, and also travelled to Singapore and Malaysia in 2008 and 2009, respectively, for the Asian Australian Football Championships. The Bulldogs won the competition in both years. Currently there is an increasing number of junior international Australian Football notably, North America, Scandinavia and the Pacific.
Specific development projects
South African AusAID project
An AusAID funded project is South African junior development began in 2003, which is assisted by aid agency Australian Volunteers International in partnership with programs such as AFL Auskick, and sponsored by Tattersalls as well as the South African North West Academy of Sport.
Aussie Rules Schools (England)
Another funded junior project is Aussie Rules Schools UK, which is funded by Sport England and co-ordinated by AFL England and AFL Europe. This project has seen up to ten English schools adopt Aussie Rules as part of the school curriculum to combat obesity.
There have been full-time development officers in Tonga and Samoa, as part of AusAid projects, since 2005.
International drafts and converts
International players
Michito Sakaki from Japan became the first international player to play at AFL level when selected to play for the Essendon Football Club against the Sydney Swans at an exhibition match at North Sydney Oval in February 2006. Mike Pyke, a former Canadian rugby player, was drafted to the Sydney Swans in 2009, and played his first game in Round 7 of 2009 against Geelong, becoming the first non-Irish international player to play an official league game.
Australia has recruited several Irish Gaelic footballers to play Aussie Rules. As Gaelic football is primarily an amateur competition and the AFL competition is professional, there is a strong financial lure. In the 1980s, the Melbourne Football Club recruited Jim Stynes, who would turn out to be the most successful Irish player in the history of the VFL/AFL, winning the Brownlow medal. At around the same time, the club recruited the Scot Sean Wight. In more recent years, the Sydney Swans recruited Irishman Tadhg Kennelly, who played in a premiership with the club and has also represented Ireland against Australia. Carlton Football Club experimented with brothers Setanta Ó hAilpín and Aisake Ó hAilpín also Carlton Football Club has selected defender Zach Tuohy who now plays for Geelong. The Collingwood Football Club has recruited Martin Clarke, and the Brisbane Lions recruited Colm Begley and Brendan Quigley to their international rookie list. Due to increasing concern from the Gaelic Athletic Association, in 2006 the AFL made a deal with the GAA to limit the number of junior Gaelic drafts.
Australian football converts to American football (Gridiron)
Australia has exported players to the NFL. Since the 1980s, many AFL players have tried out as American football punters. The special teams position requires the long range kicking skills often used by Australian football players, particularly those playing centre half-forward and full-forward. Although the punter position is one of the least valuable on an NFL team, punters and kickers have an average salary of around US$860,000[98] which surpasses the wages of AFL players, who average A$221,000.[99] As the position is less physically demanding, it has also become attractive for players heading into retirement.
International recognition
Although Australian rules football has not yet been a full sport at the Olympic Games or Commonwealth Games, when Melbourne hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics, which included the MCG being the main stadium, Australian rules football was chosen as the native sport to be demonstrated as per International Olympic Committee rules. On 7 December, the sport was demonstrated as an exhibition match at the MCG between a team of VFL and VFA amateurs and a team of VAFA amateurs (professionals were excluded due to the Olympics' strict amateurism policy at the time). The Duke of Edinburgh was among the spectators for the match, which the VAFA won by 12.9 (81) to 8.7 (55). Australian rules was once again a demonstration sport at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane.[100]
A fan of the sport since attending school in Victoria, King Charles III is the Patron of AFL Europe. In 2013, participation across AFL Europe's 21 member nations was more than 5,000 players, the majority of which are European nationals rather than Australian expats.[101]
Australian rules football, also called Australian football or Aussie rules, or more simply football or footy, is a contact sport played between two teams of 18 players on an oval field, often a modified cricket ground. Points are scored by kicking the oval ball between the central goal posts, or between a central and outer post.
Football in Australia refers to numerous codes which each have major shares of the mainstream sports market, media, broadcasting, professional athletes, financial performance and grassroots participation: Australian rules football, rugby league, rugby union and soccer. There are four pre-eminent professional football competitions played in Australia: the Australian Football League, the National Rugby League, Super Rugby and the A-League (soccer). Rugby League is the most watched sport in Australia based on television viewership, however, Australian football attracts larger live attendences. In the states of New South Wales and Queensland, rugby football is overall the most watched and receives the most media coverage, especially the Rugby League State of Origin contested between the two states referred to as "Australian sport's greatest rivalry". In recent times, there has been an increase in popularity in Australian football and corresponding decrease in popularity of Rugby union in New South Wales and Queensland. Soccer, while extending its lead in participation rate, particularly in the large cities, and improving its performance at the FIFA World Cup and at the FIFA Women's World Cup, continues to attract the overall lowest attendance, as well as media and public interest, of the four codes.
The Australian Football International Cup is a triennial international tournament in Australian rules football. It is the biggest international tournament in the sport that is open to all nations. More than 26 nations have participated and the competition has expanded into multiple pools and both men and women's divisions. At the time of the last tournament in 2017, the sport had a record 170,744 registered players outside Australia growing at a rate of 25 per cent per annum.
Exhibition matches in Australian rules football have been used to promote the game as a demonstration sport outside of its heartlands in Australia.
Australian rules football in Nauru dates back to the 1910s. Australian rules football became the national sport of Nauru after its independence in 1968. Today, its national participation rate is over 30%, the highest in the world.
The New Zealand national Australian rules football team (Māori: tīmi whutupaoro Ahitereiria o Aotearoa; nicknamed the Falcons ; previously the Hawks, is the national men's team for the sport of Australian rules football in New Zealand. The International Cup team is selected from strict criteria from the best New Zealand born and developed players, primarily from the clubs of the AFL New Zealand. Test and touring squads are selected using similar criteria to other international football codes, additionally allowing players with a New Zealand born parent to play.
Women's Australian rules football, is the female-only form of Australian rules football, generally with some modification to the laws of the game. It is played by more than half a million women worldwide and with 119,447 Australian adult and 66,998 youth female participants in 2023 is the second most played code among women and girls in Australia behind soccer.
Australia has named a senior Australian rules football team, known as the All-Australian team since 1947. This team, however has never officially played an international Australian rules football match. This is primarily because the sport is played professionally in Australia.
In New Zealand, Australian rules football dates back to the 1860s, was home to the first club formed outside Australia in 1876 and was the first colony outside of Australia to take up the sport. The sport's official name was changed in 1890 to Australasian Football acknowledge New Zealand's participation and remained for some time even after the country was expelled from the Australasian Football Council. After a half century hiatus of organised competition, it has grown rapidly as an amateur sport. Today five of New Zealand's sixteen regions have organised competitions: Auckland ; Canterbury ; Wellington ; Waikato and Otago. A four-team national competition with a national draft has been contested at the North Harbour Stadium in Auckland since 2016 for men and 2019 for women. The national team were crowned International champions at the 2005 Australian Football International Cup and competed annually against the AFL Academy between 2012 and 2019. Since the 2010s the game has also grown at junior level among New Zealand schools as the "Hawks Cup".
In the United States, Australian rules football is a team and spectator sport which has grown rapidly across the country since the 1996. The USAFL National Championships is currently the largest club tournament in the world with 41 teams competing across 6 divisions in 2022. A national youth team has also been established and participation is growing in women's teams, junior teams and in modified and non-contact variations such as Metro Footy and Footy 7s. The United States Australian Football League (USAFL) is the governing body, with various clubs and leagues around the country it oversees more than 2,000 players more than half of which are American. An active fan based organization, the Australian Football Association of North America also exists to promote a broader audience.
Australian rules football in England is a team sport and spectator sport with a long history. It is home to the longest running Australian rules fixture outside Australia, the match between Oxford and Cambridge Universities which has been contested annually since 1923. All other current competitions originated in 1989 with the founding of what is now AFL London, the longest running Australian rules football league in Europe. The current governing body, AFL England, was formed in 2012 and expanded the game in 2018 to include the additional regional divisions: AFL Central & Northern England and AFL Southern England.
Australian rules football in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a developing team sport which was initially introduced by Australian servicemen during World War II. The governing body for the sport is the PNG Rules Football Council, with the development body being AFL PNG. The junior development version is known locally as Niukick. Regionally, AFL PNG is affiliated with AFL South Pacific with an Australian development pathway through AFL Queensland.
Australian rules football in South Africa is a team sport played at amateur level in the country with a small audience. The governing body is AFL South Africa.
The Australian Football League (AFL) is the pre-eminent professional competition of Australian rules football. It was originally named the Victorian Football League (VFL) and was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association (VFA), with its inaugural season in 1897. It changed its name to Australian Football League in 1990 after expanding its competition to other Australian states in the 1980s. The AFL publishes its Laws of Australian football, which are used, with variations, by other Australian rules football organisations.
In New South Wales, Australian rules football dates back to the 1860s colonial era, with organised competitions being continuous since the 1880s. It is traditionally popular in the outback areas of the state near the Victorian and South Australian borders— in the Murray Region, in the Riverina and in Broken Hill. These areas form part of an Australian cultural divide described as the Barassi Line. To the west of the line it is commonly known as "football" or "Australian Football" and to east of the line, it is promoted under the acronym "AFL" by the main development body AFL NSW/ACT. There are more than 15 regional leagues though some are run from other states, the highest profile are AFL Sydney and the Riverina Football Netball League. With 80,572 registered players, it has the third most of any jurisdiction.
In Ireland, Australian rules football began in 1999 when clubs were simultaneously formed in Dublin and Belfast, however awareness of it dates back to the 20th century due to similarities with Gaelic football and hyrbid matches played between Irish and Australian teams. It has subsequently becoming a source of players for professional leagues in Australia, particularly the Australian Football League (AFL) and later the AFL Women's (AFLW) through the Irish Experiment which is ongoing. It attracts a television audience, particularly the AFLW competition through TG4. There are two governing bodies, AFL Ireland and AFL Northern Ireland, with teams and competitions in Belfast, Cork, Dublin, Galway and Killarney. The game in Ireland is typically played in a modified 9-a-side footy format on rectangular fields.
Australian rules football is the most watched and attended sport and the second most participated code of football in Australia. Since originating in Victoria in 1858 and spreading elsewhere from 1866, it has been played continuously in every Australian state since 1903 plus the two major territories since 1916.
Australian rules football in Oceania is the sport of Australian rules football as it is watched and played in the Oceanian continent. The regional governing and development body, AFL South Pacific, is affiliated to the AFL Commission and was formed in 2008.
Variations of Australian rules football are games or activities based on or similar to the game of Australian rules football, in which the player uses common Australian rules football skills. They range in player numbers from 2 up to the minimum 38 required for a full Australian rules football.
The sport of Australian rules football has been called by a number of different names throughout its history. Since 1905, with the formation of the Australasian Football Council, the game has been called "Australian football". The name has been codified by the AFL Commission, as the game's name in the "Laws of Australian football". Historically, the sport has been referred to as "Victorian rules", the "Victorian game", "Australasian rules", the "Australian game" and "Australian national football", "national football", the "bouncing game" and, derisively, "aerial ping pong" as well as several other names. Today, the common names for the sport are "Australian Football" and "Australian rules football" and it is referred to as "football", "footy", "Aussie rules" or sometimes as "AFL".
↑ 30,000 figure is cited by AFL New Zealand in 2017 but not backed up by any independent sources, likely to include significant number of Kiwikick/junior/school and female participants. 536 is the count from the 2004 World Footy Census. 700 is the last official figure from AFL New Zealand and works out to be around 37 players per club
↑ Corrigan, Eoghan (2009). The History of Gaelic Football: the Definitive History of Gaelic Football from 1873. Dublin: Gill Books. ISBN978-0-7171-6369-4. OCLC1013828570.
↑ Collins, Tony. How Football Began: A Global History of How the World's Football Codes Were Born. New York: Routledge, 2019.
↑ Did Aussie Rules Get There First? from Irish Daily Mail 25 October 2016
↑ "Athletic Jottings". Queensland Figaro And Punch. Vol.XIV, no.335. Queensland, Australia. 20 July 1889. p.3 (SUPPLEMENT TO QUEENSLAND FIGARO.). Retrieved 18 February 2023– via National Library of Australia.
↑ Peter, Richard (1999). The origins and development of football in Ireland: being a reprint of R.M. Peter's Irish football annual of 1880. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p.4. ISBN0-901905-93-3. OCLC43029034.
↑ "PEKSONAL". The Argus (Melbourne). No.21, 545. Victoria, Australia. 16 August 1915. p.8. Retrieved 3 February 2023– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australian". The Australian Star. No.5417. New South Wales, Australia. 24 June 1905. p.8 (First Edition). Retrieved 30 September 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australian Game". The Sun. No.593. New South Wales, Australia. 24 May 1912. p.11 (Final Extra). Retrieved 30 September 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIANS ABROAD". The Herald. No.15673. Victoria, Australia. 12 August 1927. p.13. Retrieved 15 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "The Game in America". The Evening Mail. No.752. Western Australia. 13 June 1906. p.4. Retrieved 15 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Football – a National Council formed". The Express and Telegraph. Adelaide, SA. 8 November 1906. p.3.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL". The Sun. No.112. New South Wales, Australia. 8 November 1910. p.5 (LATEST EDITION). Retrieved 28 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL". The Australian Star. No.5417. New South Wales, Australia. 24 June 1905. p.8 (FIRST EDITION). Retrieved 30 September 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN GAME". The Sun. No.593. New South Wales, Australia. 24 May 1912. p.11 (FINAL EXTRA). Retrieved 30 September 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ Australian Boys Give Local Team a Fine Lesson in Fieldball. The San Francisco call. September 25, 1911, Page 9, Image 9
↑ "FOOTBALL IN JAPAN". The Mirror. Vol.5, no.265. Western Australia. 20 May 1910. p.9. Retrieved 15 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL". The Sun. No.347. New South Wales, Australia. 9 August 1911. p.4 (FINAL EXTRA). Retrieved 10 August 2022– via National Library of Australia.
↑ Rover (28 September 1908). "Retrospect of the football season". Evening Journal. Adelaide, SA. p.2.
↑ "UNIVERSAL FOOTBALL". The Empire. Vol.II, no.67. Western Australia. 29 August 1908. p.3. Retrieved 14 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AT THE TEST". The Register (Adelaide). Vol.LXXVI, no.20, 020. South Australia. 11 January 1911. p.6. Retrieved 16 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ Australian Rules Page 55 The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser Wed 16 Aug 1911
↑ STAR (CHRISTCHURCH), ISSUE 10801, 21 JUNE 1913, PAGE 6
↑ "FOOTBALL". The West Australian. Vol.XXIX, no.3, 535. Western Australia. 12 August 1913. p.4. Retrieved 13 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australasian control". The Evening Star. Kalgoorlie, WA. 27 June 1914. p.4.
↑ "Australasian Football Council". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 29 December 1919. p.5.
↑ "The American Boys". The Mail (Adelaide). Vol.2, no.72. South Australia. 13 September 1913. p.7 (SEVENTH SECTION.). Retrieved 6 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "FOOTBALL". The West Australian. Vol.XXIX, no.3, 535. Western Australia. 12 August 1913. p.4. Retrieved 13 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Football". Winner. No.3. Victoria, Australia. 12 August 1914. p.8. Retrieved 23 January 2023– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN AND GAELIC CODES". The Australasian. Vol.CXXI, no.4, 048. Victoria, Australia. 31 July 1926. p.41 (METROPOLITAN EDITION). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "1977-1980". Full Points Footy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
de Moore, Greg; Hess, Rob; Nicholson, Matthew; Stewart, Bob (2021). Australia's Game: The History of Australian Football. Hardie Grant Books. ISBN9781-74379-657-3.
Williamson, J. (2003). Football's forgotten tour: the story of the British Australian Rules venture of 1888. Applecross, W.A.: J. Williamson. ISBN0-9581018-0-9.
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![AFC president and VFL representative Con Hickey was obsessed with gaining marketshare in Sydney and was staunchly opposed to the game being played overseas, instead advocating for a [failed] merger with rugby league. Con Hickey.png](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Con_Hickey.png/170px-Con_Hickey.png)
