In Queensland, Australian rules football (known mainly as "AFL") dates back to the colonial era in 1866, with organised competitions being continuous since the 1900s. Today, it is most popular in South East Queensland and the Cairns Region. There are 11 regional club competitions, the highest profile of which are the semi-professional Queensland Australian Football League and AFL Cairns. It is governed by AFL Queensland. According to Ausplay there are 51,941 adult players with a per capita rate of 1.2%, just under half of which are female, and 30,563 children.[1] It is the seventh most participated team sport and fourth code of football after soccer, touch and rugby league.[1]
Commencing in the capital of Brisbane, it was the colony's first official football code and the third in Australian to take it up. For two decades it remained the premier code, however a strong desire for representative success against New South Wales saw its rapid demise as Queenslanders switched to British football variants, particularly rugby. Existing in the shadow of three other football codes, and east of the cultural divide now described as the Barassi Line, it re-emerged mainly through its postwar re-appearance in schools and interstate migration. In 1986 the first new license for the national (AFL) competition was awarded to Brisbane, which became the first privately owned club. However the Gold Coast based Brisbane Bears' identity crisis, poor management and lack of success, compounded by the popularity of rugby league's Broncos, were major setbacks to the code. After the club in 1993 relocated to the Brisbane Cricket Ground (Gabba) and adopted a traditional member-based structure, membership, average attendances and television ratings tripled.[3][4][5] The success that followed its merger with a Victorian club and entry into the national women's competition (AFLW) helped the code's participation to surge across the state in the early 21st century.
The state team, known as the "Maroons" debuted in 1884 against New South Wales and has been competitive against that state and the Australian Capital Territory however played their last senior match in 1988. The side's poor record contributed to the popularity of representative football in other codes, particularly the Queensland Reds (union) and later the Queensland Maroons (league). Despite its historical record, the team won Section B national titles in 1974 and 1979. Zane Taylor holds the record for the number of representative caps for Queensland. The underage team has been more successful with 4 Division 2 titles at the National Championships, the most recent in 2015.
Queensland has two fully professional teams competing in the AFL and AFLW: the Brisbane Lions (1996) and Gold Coast Suns (2009). These two teams compete against each other in the QClash. The Gold Coast hosted the inaugural AFLW Grand Final in 2017. Brisbane hosted the 2020 AFL Grand Final, making it the second state in history to hold an AFL Grand Final. AFL Premiership matches are now regularly played in Brisbane, the Gold Coast and Cairns. The AFL began matches in Townsville along with AFLW matches in Moreton Bay, Mackay in the 2010s and the Sunshine Coast and Ipswich in the 2020s. Combined average AFL club membership, television audience and attendance, while growing, is the smallest of any state.[6]
Horatio Wills in 1859 shortly before he brought his footballing family to Queensland, including his son Tom Wills, founder of Australian football
Football matches had been played early on in what was known as "Moreton Bay", with some of the earliest evidence dating back to 1849, however it is not known under what rules they played and there were no established codes. The Victorian Rules, first drafted in 1859, were brought to the newly self-governed Colony of Queensland by migrants from the Colony of Victoria and in the 1860s was the first organized code to arrive.
Tom Wills who chaired that meeting in 1859 and helped popularise the code across Victoria, moved to Queensland along with his father Horatio Wills in October 1861 to work on the family grazing property near Springsure in Central Queensland. While Horatio was killed during the Cullin-la-ringo massacre and Tom returned to Victoria in 1864, his brothers Cedric and Horace (both played alongside Tom at the Geelong Football Club) continued their football involvement in Brisbane, as did many other associates of Wills.[7][8]
Front page advertisement for Football Club meeting from the Brisbane Courier 21 May 1866
Not long after the redrafting of the laws on 1 May 1866 and the widespread distribution in the Australasian on 19 May, an advertisement appearing in the Brisbane Courier on 21 May called for a meeting to form a Brisbane club.[9] The first Brisbane Football Club was incorporated the following day on 22 May 1866 and chose to play under the then widely distributed Victorian Rules.[10]
Queensland at the time was one of the poorest colonies (especially in comparison to booming Victoria), having begun as a penal settlement it was very much a frontier colony and relied heavily on investment from the southern colonies.[11] With its population of under 90,000 in 1866, it was dwarfed by Victoria's rapidly growing population of 640,000. In contrast to Victoria's population which migrated from around the world, the Queensland colony consisted primarily of those from Great Britain and New South Wales.[12] Nevertheless, Brisbane was the first football club of any code in the colony.
The majority of the founders of Brisbane FC had prior exposure to the game during its rapid rise in popularity in Victoria. Of the six founding members four were from Victoria – none were from Queensland. One of three members of the founding committee was Charles Edward Wallen, who had played for Scotch College in the experimental rules matches umpired by Tom Wills in 1858.[13] Tom Board and George Clencross-Smith were both teammates of Tom Wills at Geelong Football Club.[14] Studholme Hart had played in 1859 with South Yarra.[9] Founding chair David Watterston moved from Melbourne to Ipswich in 1860 and was a member of Brisbane's Victorian Cricket Club (formed 1863 and consisting of ex-Victorian players).[15] His cricket club had on 26 May proposed that cricket make way off-season for football.[16] Significantly, on 1 June 1866, the Brisbane Courier published the Melbourne Football Club rules as the official rules for the Queensland colony.[9]
The club played the first of several scratch matches on Saturday 9 June 1866 at Queen's Park (now part of the Brisbane City Botanic Gardens).[17][18][19] The early rules stipulated that the first team to reach 2 of 3 goals would be declared the winner.[20] The first official fixture scheduled for 14 July was cancelled due to wet weather, but later played on 21 July 1866 between the All Comers and Civil Servants, the game was declared a nil all draw.[21] It was decided to continue the match a week later on 28 July, but and after a marathon 5 hours without scoring it was declared a draw. Matches often went scoreless and it wasn't until 4 August that the first goal would be kicked after an hour of play by former Sydneysider George Cowlishaw while playing for the All Comers.[22] While there were sufficient numbers for scratch matches Brisbane FC struggled early on for competition and at times during its early years switched to association football to facilitate matches with early teams like Volunteer Artillery.[23]
Ipswich Grammar School in the town of Ipswich west of Brisbane was the first school in Queensland to adopt football in 1868[24] care of new headmaster John McCrae of Scotch College in Melbourne.[25] The National School was to join the fledgeling schools' competition in 1869.[25]Brisbane Grammar travelled to Ipswich to play Ipswich Grammar in October 1869 to play the first ever school match[26] and would form the Brisbane Grammar School Football Club in May 1870.[27]
1870s: The code spreads west and north
Brisbane Football Club in 1879, Queensland's first football club formed to play Australian rules but experimented with soccer and rugby in its early years
Despite the slow start the game began to spread rapidly during the 1870s. By 1870 there were five clubs: Brisbane, Volunteer Artillery, Brisbane Grammar, Civil Service and Ipswich, all adopting the Victorian Rules (as it was then known).
The code continued to expand to the west in Ipswich, with Ipswich Grammar helping popularise the code there and help establish the senior Ipswich Football Club and Ipswich Railways (known as "Railway Workshop Football Club") in May 1870 and April 1871 respectively.[28][29] Ipswich Grammar's influence in the code's development was formidable, while the senior clubs went into recess early in the decade due to player numbers, the school continued to fly the flag and by the end of the decade the flow of juniors helped the become the major stronghold for the code with no less than 7 clubs regularly competing against each other.
A club also formed in Rockhampton, Capricornia in 1873 to play under Australian rules on the local cricket ground.[30]
By the time rugby was imported from Britain in 1876, Victorian Rules had well established itself as the colony's premier football code. Though in areas outside Brisbane there was growing confusion amongst clubs over which set of rules to adopt, and while some experimented with rugby most simply defaulted to the Victorian rules.[31] The code in Brisbane was still dominant and in 1876 several newly formed Brisbane rugby union clubs including Rangers and Bonnet Rouge moved to switch codes[32] citing the game's huge popularity in Melbourne.[33]
The game had spread to the Darling Downs and Toowoomba by 1876 with a match between Civil Service and the newly formed Toowoomba Football Club.[34] The region sooned formed the football league, the Toowoomba Football Association which initially featured four senior clubs – Light Infantry, Civil Service, Toowoomba and Warwick but expanded to include a number of junior and regional clubs including Stanthorpe, Adavale, Roma, and Thargomindah.[35] As the game spread further west of the Great Divide[31] clubs were split on whether to adopt rugby. Some of the Downs clubs lacked nearby opponents and appear to have preferred rugby, as a result competition went into recess a few years later until matches were played by Toowoomba Grammar.[36]
Queensland clubs affiliated with the Victorian Football Association (VFA) in 1877, and the game became known in Queensland as the "Victorian Association rules", "Victorian association football" (or sometimes just "Association Football" or "Association rules").
In 1878, the main clubs playing rugby, Rangers and Bonnet Rouge folded, and Brisbane FC, lacking opposition teams returned to Australian rules. Rugby was left without any clubs in the city. However, it was beginning to gain ground in smaller country towns which didn't have the numbers of funds to tour as full Australian football teams.
Former Brisbane Grammarian and Brisbane FC player Herbert W. Bryant, while playing with Essendon in the VFA had the honour of being the first Queenslander to play for Victoria's team in the first intercolonial Victoria v South Australia (1879).[37]
Competition began in Wide Bay–Burnett in 1881, with the establishment of clubs in Maryborough[38] and Gympie.[39] The Darling Downs competition also expanded to include Allora in 1883 providing more regular interaction between the clubs.[40]
Competition in Far North Queensland was recorded as early as August 1884 with the first match in Cairns was played against a representative team from Townsville.[41] An association also began in Charters Towers with the town competing against nearby Millchester in 1885.[42] The code also reached the Mackay Region in 1885 however was short-lived there.[43]
By 1885 the code had expanded further west still, with clubs established in Stanthorpe and had penetrated the outback as far as Cunnamulla, Roma, Adavale, Thargominda and Normanton. The Capricornia competition had also expanded in Rockhampton with the formation of the North Rockhampton Football Club[44] and a club in Gladstone.
A meeting was held on 30 April 1880 at the Queen's Hotel[45] for the purpose of forming the Queensland Football Association (QFA) to affiliate with the Victorian Football Association. The formation was opposed by the premier Queensland club, the Brisbane Football Club, through its representative E.C. Binge, believing that it had the right to govern itself and use its position of influence to lead the other clubs. However, his motion lapsed and the formation proceeded.[45] While there were no dedicated rugby clubs, many of Brisbane and Wallaroo's best players preferred to play both codes, so rugby matches were facilitated during the season on a Saturday every 4 weeks. While club rugby was nowhere near as popular with the public, Brisbane FC being by far the strongest club would often field its best players in rugby and its seconds in Victorian Association matches.
While Victorian Association was popular, Queensland clubs, particularly the newly formed ones that were beginning to make hard decisions on rule adoption. Many players wanted to represent Queensland and many were convinced that adopting rugby would be the best option for this. Rules to protect players against dangerous pushing during contests for example were desperately sought, and some in the Brisbane media were claiming that rugby rules were safer as a result. Clubs were becoming increasingly disgruntled by the lack of representation or consultation on the laws of the game and governance from Melbourne.[46]
By 1883 QFA membership consisted of 900 Victorian Association members from throughout the colony and 80 Rugby Union members mostly from Brisbane.[47]
Rugby rebellion: local clubs and schools reject the Victorian Association
If that game (Rugby) takes root in the Brisbane schools, let alone Ipswich or other towns, then say good bye Melbourne, prepare your own epitaph, select your burial year and place, your death is nigh at hand.
The Queensland Figaro, 15 September 1883
Prominent athlete Harry Pritchard, former Brisbane Grammarian, Brisbane FC and Queensland captain the prodigous kicker switched codes in 1884 to become one of rugby's star players
Migration trends did no favours for the code with Brisbane's population tripling over the next decade, migration from Victoria was rapidly supplanted by the British Isles and neighbouring New South Wales[48] bringing with them a strong preference toward the British football codes.
A growing rift between Victorian Association and its Rugby Union members came to a head in 1883 after QFA clubs had been pushed annually to vote as to whether to continue under the Victorian Association or adopt Rugby Union rules. Whilst the rugby fraternity was vastly outnumbered (just a handful of rugby clubs compared to more than 50 senior Victorian association clubs[49]), their push for intercolonial matches against New South Wales was enormously popular. There was increasing discontent among all QFA members with Melbourne's apparent disinterest in sending teams to Queensland. The QFA felt that the wealthier Victorian Association were more capable of covering the travel expenses than the Queenslanders, while the Rugby Union members were more than prepared to cover the costs of the shorter trip to Sydney. Rugby players were also disgruntled with having to play under Association rules and were dissatisfied with the Victorian Association's growing contempt for rugby.[50] Under pressure from its members, the QFA organised the first intercolonial to be played under Victorian Rules between New South Wales and Queensland. The two colonies played each other in a two-game series in Brisbane in August 1884 resulting in a 1–1 draw.[51][52] The first match attracted a modest crowd of 300 spectators and increased interest in the contest resulted in the second match drawing 2,000. Many of the players also played rugby and Queensland rugby footballers began to bypass the QFA to directly organise rugby tests with New South Wales. This angered the QFA and in an effort to uphold Victorian Rules, and with support unforthcoming from Melbourne on the issue, a motion was passed by the QFA secretary that effectively barred players found to be playing Rugby Union from playing at a Victorian Association club, effectively segregating the two codes for the first time since its inception.[53] The move was to backfire as the breakaway Northern Rugby Union (NRU) formed, taking disgruntled clubs and players with it.[47] These clubs in response, instituted the barring of rugby players from playing Victorian rules[54] and Rugby players and officials began derogatively reverting to the term "Melbourne Association" and "Melbourne Rules" in reference to the QFA and its rules[55] fuelling a sentiment of them being increasingly anti-rugby and anti-Queensland.
The lack of a player transfer system was exposed in 1886 when players began freely changing clubs and codes from week to week without accountability, the situation was becoming farcical and supporters quickly lost confidence in the QFA.[56]
Suffering from dwindling numbers, the 1886 Queensland team was humiliated by New South Wales in their intercolonial matches. The Victorian game supporters were struggling hard to uphold the premier position they had gained. In contrast within just two years of its founding, the locally governed breakaway NRU competition came to dominate sport in Queensland and, according to one writer, "The defining moment in the code battle came with the 1886 Queensland [Rugby] side, who defeated NSW for the first time in Sydney. The success of this team undoubtedly won the day for rugby game in Queensland. After the brilliant performance of the 1886 Queensland rugby team, who lost only one match through their tour, the rugby game became very popular and the next season several new clubs were formed and the Victorian game began to wane".[57]
Australian rules, however, was still strong in the schools. Brisbane Grammar through Richard Powell Francis had switched to rugby in 1885. Though Grammar continued to play Victorian Association matches against Ipswich, it lobbied hard for the other Independent Schools to switch away from them. Perhaps the death blow occurred when Independent Schools headmasters in 1887 voted by 1 vote to adopt rugby.[58] The majority of councillors objected on the basis that the reference of "Victorian" in the name of the sport did not represent the interests of Queenslanders.
Between 1885 and 1887, for the first time in the history of the colony, mainstream newspapers began to report rugby results first, followed by Australian football and association football, signalling the premier status of the rugby code. Despite the Victorian Association having 10 times the participation of rugby in terms of players and clubs, regular competitive intercolonial representation was by far the most important to the players and the public, the QFA was just not able to offer this.
1890s: QFA Collapse and the end of an era
The Queensland state team who played Melbourne in 1888
Despite the advances made by Queensland football, it was clear that Victoria was progressing faster than any other state while the code in Queensland had been going backwards. In an effort to reverse the decline, the QFA had been calling on the VFA for years to send teams to Queensland to play exhibition matches which were largely ignored. In 1888 it finally secured the first visit from a colonial team slated to be from all of Victoria. However a representative Melbourne team arrived in June 1888. The QFA assembled a Queensland team consisting of players principally from Ipswich topped up with a scattering of players from Brisbane. The match was played at the Brisbane Exhibition Grounds with the home team lost 3–5 to the visitors 6–16 in front of 5,000 spectators.[59][60] Rugby officials had deferred matches for the event, though noted that both Queenslander players and spectators appeared to have little understanding of the game.[60] Several Melbourne clubs followed shortly thereafter including the Melbourne Football Club.
A representative match between Brisbane and Ipswich was held in June 1890 won by Brisbane 3 goals 6 to Ipswich 3 goals 5.[61]
On 21 June 1890, South Melbourne Football Club toured, playing against Queensland on Albion Park. The result of the match was a complete 6–17 to 1–0 humiliation (behinds were recorded in the scores at the time but did not actually count until 1897). The humiliation was obviously felt by the players as when Queensland defeated a New South Wales Rugby Union team shortly afterwards many of the former rugby players receded from the Australian football ranks and formed clubs of their own.[62]
The Queensland Football Association, already under heavy criticism,[63] folded at the end of the 1890 season. With the gap left by the collapse of Victorian Association, the majority of the Brisbane clubs switched to rugby, while clubs in Ipswich and Toowoomba also switched, folded or joined the ranks of the Anglo-Queensland Football Association. The Australian code quietly disappeared with no clubs surviving the 1890s.
Comeback attempt in Ipswich (1892)
A meeting was held in July 1892 to re-establish the code instigated by the Ipswich Football Club.[64] It was initially successful, with a well attended representative match played between Brisbane and Ipswich staged at the North Ipswich Reserve. Ipswich won 4 goals 12 to 3 goals 7.[65] Optimistic of an Australian rules revival, Ipswich's Athenian Football Club reformed, consisting almost entirely of rugby converts, and contested another high-profile match against a reformed Ipswich Football Club at the North Ipswich Reserve, the match won by the Athenians 6 goals 4 to 4 goals 5.[66] Ipswich and Brisbane teams met again in August at Queens Park in Brisbane.[67] While interest remained strong in Ipswich, the rugby dominated Brisbane media appeared disinterested in the return match and the code's comeback attempt failed. Reluctantly the Ipswich and Athenian clubs returned to playing rugby the following year.
1900s: Post-Federation Australasian Rules Revival
Australian Football Premiership Grand Final at the Brisbane Cricket Ground, 1907. Locomotives defeated Wynnum by 40 points
A meeting was held in 1900 in an effort to revive the code.[68] However this was made more difficult as rugby interests had rebranded their sport in Queensland as "Australian Football" and soccer was then known as "Anglo-Australian Football", presenting a major branding obstacle. In an effort to differentiate, the new association chose the provisional title for the new league as the rather awkwardly worded "Queensland Association of the Australian Game of Football".[68]
Competition recommenced in 1900 in of all places, Maryborough in Wide Bay, with senior and junior competitions including the Wallaroo club, which had continued to field both Australian rules and rugby teams, and the Victorians club. This was followed by a match between Brisbane and Ipswich.
The Queensland Football League (QFL) was formed in July 1903 at a meeting with 50 present at the South Brisbane Cycling Club and a total of 150 signed on as members.[69] Unlike the previous league which affiliated with the VFA, this new body decided to affiliate with the Victorian Football League.[70] Practice matches were held in August that year in the Botanical Gardens and attracted large crowds and interest.[71] The first premiership was held in 1904 with most games being played at Queen's Park, a sporting facility within the grounds of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens.
Competition in Ipswich, once the code's stronghold in Queensland was rekindled through an exhibition match between Locomotives and Brisbanes.[72][73] The Ipswich Football Club was reformed in May 1906[74] and matches resumed at the North Ipswich Reserve.[75][76] Several Ipswich clubs and schools resuming to play the sport from the following year including juniors at Ipswich North State School and Newtown schools.[77][78]
From 1905 to 1914 games were regularly played at the Brisbane Cricket Ground. Clubs included Brisbanes, Locomotives, Ipswich, Citys, Valleys and Wynnum.
In 1908, Queensland again sent delegates to the Australasian Football Council, this time, fielding a side in the Jubilee Australian Football Carnival which saw all Australian states as well as New Zealand compete.
The sport was reintroduced to Far North Queensland during both World Wars. In 1913, a team of servicemen briefly existed on Thursday Island.
Action from the 1923 Grand Final between Brisbane and Valleys at Perry Park
In 1914 a carnival to promote the code was held in Brisbane. The participating teams were Collingwood (representing Victoria), Perth (representing West Australia), South Adelaide (representing South Australia) and Cananore (representing Tasmania).
Between 1915 and 1919 the Queensland Football League went into recess owing to World War I.
Between the Wars: The Game Expands
Queensland Schoolboys team 1926VFL exhibition match Carlton vs Richmond at Brisbane Exhibition Ground in 1930Taringa vs Wests Australian rules football match QANFL match at Perry Park in the 1930s
In August 1927 at a meeting of the Australian National Football Council it was decided that each of the state leagues were to include the words 'Australian National' in their names. Accordingly, the QFL was renamed the Queensland Australian National Football League (QANFL) and football continued a steady growth in Brisbane.
The first matches in Mount Isa were played in 1932.[79] The city had 3 clubs by 1933.[80] An association was also formed around Cairns in 1932.[81][82] In its first match combined Cairns-Gordonvale team defeated a team from Tully 9 goals 9 to 5 goals 10.[83] However these competitions were short-lived as promotional assistance from the ANFC was not forthcoming.
A VFL exhibition match was played between powerhouse clubs Carlton FC and Richmond FC at the Exhibition Ground in 1930 drew 12,000 and raised £622 for the clubs.[84][85]
Tom Calder captain coached Queensland in 1948 following a move to QAFL club MayneQueensland's first born and bred VFL/AFL footballer, Erwin Dornau in South Melbourne Football Club colours in 1952VFL star John Coleman kicks one of 13 goals under lights during a blockbuster match between Essendon and Geelong at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground in 1952
The late 1940s and early 1950s would see an era of growth.
In 1946, Queensland defeated New South Wales for the first time in interstate football. Unlike the first few decades, matches during the following decades would be close between the two sides increasing the interest in the contests.
Erwin Dornau became the first Queenslander in to play in the VFL in 1948.[86]
With the increasing interest in the code, Brisbane Rugby League administrators began to block access to the Brisbane Cricket Ground for proposed exhibition matches by the VFL[87] leaving only the Brisbane Exhibition Ground for the VFL to play on.
Prior to the establishment of the Sunshine Coast urban area and resort towns like Noosa Heads, matches were played there as early as 1952 in the original settlements of the area. Following an exhibition match between Yeronga Football Club and Kedron Football Club at Cooroy showgrounds that attracted an enthusiastic crowd of 650, a local league known as the "Cooroy National Football Association" was active with clubs in Cooroy, Nambour and Tewantin, however was short-lived.[88][89]
In 1952, the Brisbane Exhibition Ground hosted a VFL match between Essendon and Geelong for "National Day Round" drew 28,000 spectators and was the first official VFL match to be played under floodlights.[90]
The first recorded women's match was played in 1955 in front of a crowd of 4,000 at Perry Park between the Brisbane Bombers and Sandgate Sirens.[91]
In 1955 a league was introduced to Townsville.[92] Competition also began that year in Cairns[92] and in 1957 land was purchased in Cairns for the first dedicated field and competition began there. In the same year a league was also introduced to Mount Isa.[92]
Another VFL exhibition game was played at the Brisbane Cricket Ground in 1959, attracting a large crowd.
The code boomed at junior level during the 1950s and by 1960, with a tripling of the number of schools playing the code and more than 5,000 juniors playing across the state.[92]
In 1961, the first league commenced on the Gold Coast.[92]
In 1964 the QANFL became the Queensland Australian Football League (QAFL), a limited liability company.
Born and raised Queenslander Jason Dunstall debuted for the Hawthorn Hawks in 1985 and quickly became one of the greatest players in the game, despite remaining almost unknown in his home state. He briefly represented a Queensland State of Origin team which played in a low key game against New South Wales in Sydney.
The Bears were hugely unsuccessful on the field, and with the admission of the successful Brisbane Broncos rugby league team into the New South Wales Rugby League, the popularity of Australian rules football plummeted, while the successful Broncos, made up primarily of local talent, thrived. The NSWRL had resisted the move for a team in Queensland for years but created the Broncos and the Gold Coast-Tweed Giants the very next season.
The admission of the Bears had a deleterious effect on the QAFL which weakened over the following years.
During this era, few local players, besides Jason Dunstall, were produced with the exception of Gavin Crosisca and Marcus Ashcroft who were successful at VFL level.
Demographic trends saw Victorian and South Australians (states where the code is extremely popular) migrating interstate in large numbers to Queensland. Support for Australian rules football grew, despite a lack of success from the Bears and support from fans.
1990s: AFL comes to Brisbane, New Governing Body
1990 saw the Brisbane Bears receive their first Wooden Spoon, which saw new coach Queensland-born Norm Dare sacked at the end of the season.
1991 was a mixed year for the Brisbane Bears. At the end of the home and away season, the Bears' Seniors team would receive the Wooden Spoon again while the Bears' Reserves team finished in 3rd position. They qualified for the Reserves Grand Final, where they scored a 34-point victory over the Melbourne Demons to become the first team from outside Victoria to win an AFL premiership. The Queensland Independent Schools Australian Football League (QISAFL) began in 1991, the first dedicated league for private schools in the state.
1992 saw the debut for the Brisbane Bears of the most significant locally produced young talent to emerge from the state – Michael Voss. Although born in country Victoria, Voss spent most of his childhood in Queensland and represented the state at junior level where he shone, before going on to captaining the Brisbane Lions and becoming one of the all-time greats of the game. Voss was followed by a small number of players from Queensland to find their way into the newly named Australian Football League (AFL).
In 1993, the Brisbane Bears moved from the Gold Coast, to the Brisbane Cricket Ground in the inner-Brisbane suburb of Woolloongabba. Interest, crowds and membership in the team increased considerably. Games between the Bears and popular Victorian sides Collingwood, Essendon and Hawthorn drew particular interest.
In 1995, the Bears made the AFL finals for the first time.
In 1996, six sell-out games at the Gabba caused the State Government to consider funding re-development of the ground, something that would be done several times over the following years to transform the small stadium into a world-class venue.
After the 1996 season, the QAFL, having weakened significantly with the introduction of the Bears, finally went into receivership. A new governing body, the Queensland Australian Football Council, was formed in 1997, alongside a new premiership competition, Queensland State Football League (QSFL).
Boom Times: Brisbane Lions Threepeat Era
The Brisbane Lions began in 1996, when the AFL approved a merger between the Brisbane Bears and the formerly Melbourne based Fitzroy Football Club and on-field success increased substantially with the injection of Fitzroy players, further boosting the popularity of the code.
A major breakthrough for was participation by GPS schools in South East Queensland playing the code for the first time since the turn of the century. Previously to this, South East Queensland private schools had been a staunchly rugby union stronghold and many schools did not allow Australian Football to be played as it would compete with rugby for players. John Stackpoole introduced Australian rules to GPS school Nudgee College in 1998, the school was to become a powerhouse in the Independent Schools competition.[95] The Jason Dunstall Cup (senior competition named after champion ACGS product Jason Dunstall) and Clint Bizzel Cup (year 9 named after BBC product Clint Bizzell) was later awarded to the champion school. In subsequent decades all of the prestigious GPS schools (with the exception of St Joseph's Gregory Terrace): Nudgee, BBC, ACGS, Brisbane Grammar, Ipswich Grammar and The Southport School participated at one stage or another in the first division of the Queensland Independent Schools Australian Football League (QISAFL) (Toowoomba Grammar competed in a Darling Downs division of the competition). During these years of competition, it became a nursery for AFL players. However, the competition struggled to maintain interest in the schools and unlike rugby (and soccer in 1991) it has never become an official Great Public Schools Association of Queensland sport. Many AFL players who attended independent schools, notably: Jason Dunstall, Chris Scott, Jason Akermanis, Clint Bizzell, Clark Keating, Brad Moran, Nick Riewoldt, Steven Lawrence, Tom Williams, Marcus Allan, Scott Clouston and John Williams never had the opportunity to play for their school.
Also in the 1990s, the Cairns league experienced enormous growth financially on the back of gaming, with the Cazaly's social club quickly becoming the largest sporting club north of Brisbane. The Cazaly's Stadium received lights to play popular night football games and the western stand from the Gabba was transplanted to Cazaly's Stadium, enabling it to host AFL matches.
In 1999, the QSFL also went into voluntary liquidation, being replaced by a new organisation, AFL Queensland (AFLQ) in 2000. The new premiership competition was called the AFLQ State League. That year, Nick Riewoldt became the first Queensland produced player to be taken as number 1 pick in the AFL draft, recognised as the best junior talent in the nation.
In 2001, a Women's Footy competition began in earnest.
Brisbane Lions playing in Melbourne wearing the 1968 to 1973 Fitzroy jumper for the 2003 heritage round
Three successive premierships for the Brisbane Lions in 2001, 2002 and 2003 saw crowds to Australian Football League matches in Brisbane to grow to an average of over 30,000, and in terms of attendance and membership, the AFL team in 2003 was the most popular team of any football code in the state. However, despite increasing television ratings and media exposure, Australian rules football remains overall less popular than league and union in the state.
During the Lions premiership years, junior Aussie Rules numbers exploded in South East Queensland, and grew solidly right across the state.
2000s: Period of Stabilisation
Brisbane Lions players in training in 2007
From 2005, the growing local State League expanded to two divisions.
A record number of 13 Queenslanders were invited to attend the 2006 AFL draft camp, representing 18% of the 72 camp invitees.[96]
Although state league crowds have dwindled with the increase in support for the Brisbane Lions AFL team, a healthy crowd of 3,257 saw the Southport Sharks defeat Morningside in the 2005 AFLQ Grand Final at the Gabba, while a crowd of over 3,000 saw the Southport Sharks win back-to-back premierships in 2006 at Carrara.
In 2006, support for the Brisbane Lions waned substantially due to two successive seasons out of the finals. From 2005 to 2006 total memberships decreased from 30,027 to 26,429 and the average home crowd fell from 33,101 to 28,305.
The impact of the Brisbane Lions fall from grace was felt at grassroots level by the sport in Brisbane. From 2006, the much celebrated Jason Dunstall Cup was no longer contested by its former powerhouse schools – ACGS or BBC. Most other major private schools ceased playing the sport at the top level. Despite the decline of school competitions, local junior club numbers continued to grow.
Nevertheless, Queensland performed extremely well in the 2006 AFL draft with a record 11 recruits, including 8 of the first 32 picks. Surprisingly, the majority of the movement was in the regional areas, with some picks from previously undrafted regional areas such as Townsville, Toowoomba and Mackay providing AFL talent.[97][98]
The Gold Coast, where a hole had been left once the Brisbane Bears moved away, had grown to become the 6th biggest urban area with nearly half a million people, many of which had migrated from states where Australian Rules is popular. Several bids were made for a new AFL franchise by the powerhouse Southport Sharks Australian Football Club, including attempts to lure a Melbourne-based club in 2004.[100] Many of these attempts were knocked back due to the city's many failed sporting franchises. However demographic trends suggested a growing demand for Australian rules football and in 2005 a pre-season practice match between the Brisbane Lions and Essendon drew a healthy audience of 16,591. Following the match, the Australian Football League stepped up efforts to expand into the Gold Coast market. A series of pre-season games and a home and away match was scheduled at Carrara for 2006. In response, the rival NRL competition admitted a Gold Coast Titans franchise. Despite an average crowd of around 10,000 (comparatively low by AFL standards), the AFL officially announced a strategy to include a Gold Coast side in the next 5 years.[101] A bitter turf war with the National Rugby League resulted over the use of Carrara stadium.[102] In the same year, AFL CEO Andrew Demetriou was quoted to declare that the league would compete directly with the NRL for marketshare in Queensland.
In July 2006, with the backing of the local government and the AFL, the Kangaroos did a deal which saw them move their home games scheduled at Manuka Oval in Canberra to play a number of home games at Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast in 2007.[103] The AFL began a heavily subsidised grassroots participation program and pushed for the number of AFL games, including pre-season matches to steadily increase to ready the region for its own side. Relocation of the Kangaroos was seen by many to be the safest option for the AFL, and an existing Queensland Government deal prevented use of the Brisbane Cricket Ground for a second Queensland side until 2010. The AFL's plans were further complicated by growing competition in the market. The entry of several licences from other sports into the market as well as the proposed expansion of A-League put additional pressure on the league to fast-track the relocation of the Kangaroos.
In December 2007, after two years of resisting the AFL's push for their relocation, the Kangaroos finally officially rejected the AFL's $100 million proposal.[104] This was despite threats from the league to pull financial assistance from the club and cancel the Gold Coast home game agreement if they don't move. The failure of the AFL to secure a stadium deal for Carrara with the Queensland Government was seen as one of the deciding factors. A consortium was selected by the AFL in early 2008 and the GC17 set out to make an official bid for the licence with criteria defined by the league. The Queensland government finally committed to funding for a stadium in early 2009 after which the AFL was granted a provisional licence pending further federal government funding. In 2010 The Gold Coast Suns were created and entered a team in the NEAFL. In 2011 they made their debut playing in the AFL and vindicated the investment in creating the new AFL side by outdrawing the rival football codes on the coast.
In 2018 it passed rugby union in player and child playing numbers for the first time since the 1890s.[105]
Gold Coast vs Adelaide at Carrara Stadium in 2011
2020s: COVID Impacts on Queensland football
Brisbane Lions AFLW team during the S7 Grand Final at the newly opened Springfield Stadium 2022
Apart from affecting the availability of AFL venues, the COVID-19 pandemic had an overall positive effect on the sport in Queensland, both in terms of AFL clubs being based in the state and grassroots participation.[108] At one stage in the 2020 season, all but three AFL clubs (the two South Australian clubs, and Hawthorn) were based in the state.[109]
Underneath the professional AFL, there are several semi-professional leagues with Queensland clubs. Between 2011 and 2020 Queensland based teams have competed in the northern division of the North East Australian Football League (NEAFL, also contested by teams from New South Wales, Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory). This competition became the second tier for Queensland-based clubs. Some of these clubs later joined the VFL. The Queensland Australian Football League (former "AFLQ State League", first started in 1903) remains the premier semi-professional club competition based in Queensland.
The Queensland state team, known as the "Maroons" has played interstate representative matches against all other Australian states, as well as selecting State of Origin teams as both Queensland. Queensland's last open appearance was in the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival where it lost to Tasmania. In 1993 the after taking over as governing body the AFL Commission merged Queensland with the Northern Territory to create a composite side before disbanding it altogether.
Queensland debuted in 1884 at Queens Park following pressure from rugby members of the QFA to play annual representative matches and the result was a drawn series against New South Wales. After rugby split from the QFA and held its annual NSW vs QLD matches, the team did not regularly compete however in 1888 and 1890 suffered humiliating defeats at the hands of the first visiting Victorian teams. Following this, Queensland was reluctant to compete against the stronger states, and resumed tests with NSW until the Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival in 1908. Queensland sent a team to carnival performing a stirring aboriginal war cry prior to its matches against New Zealand[129][130] however the team performed poorly, failing to win a game. Its carnival record since has been poor, and it has never won a senior carnival in either division.
Test Matches
Colony of Queensland (Pre-Federation)
The Queensland state team who played Melbourne in 1888
New South Wales 16.14(110) def Queensland 8.15(63)[151]
Interstate Carnivals
Queensland marking high against Tasmania at the 1908 Jubilee CarnivalQueensland Jubilee Carnival team 1908Queensland team at the Hobart Carnival 1924
In early carnivals Queensland only made rare appearances. It broke its 20-game carnival losing streak in 1933 when it defeated the Australian Capital Territory. This was followed up by another win against the ACT in 1947 and 1950. Queensland achieved a breakthrough when it defeated New South Wales for the first time in the 1958 carnival. However, in the 1960s it was relegated to the "minor states" where it again accounted for New South Wales at the 1968 Minor States Carnival and both New South Wales and ACT at the 1974 Minor States Carnival taking its first Section 2 title. It was not to reappear in the national carnival until the 1979 Perth State of Origin Carnival when it once again accounted for the Australian Capital Territory and claimed the title. It made its last senior appearance at the 1993 State of Origin Championships as a combined Queensland-NT team defeat Tasmania and take out the Section Two title. With the AFL Commission taking over the game nationally it created a concept in which Queenslanders would compete under the banner of the AFL's The Allies along with players from New South Wales, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory and the AFL's focus on its national club competition effectively saw the end of Queensland players representing their state of origin.
Originally led by Subiaco marketing manager Leon Larkin in 1977, interstate matches involving Queensland in the late 1980s and early 1990s were regularly played under state-of-origin rules as opposed to the state-of-league rules that were previously used. This rule change allowed the Queensland state team to select higher quality players of Queensland origin that were playing in the Victorian Football League such as the Brisbane born and raised duo of Australian Football Hall of FamerJason Dunstall and Collingwood premiership player Gavin Crosisca. Both players competed for Queensland in their famous victory against Victoria at the Gabba in 1991.
According to Ausplay in 2024 the participation rate per capita was 1.2%, down from 1.6% in 2022.[1] There are 51,941 adults, just under half of which are female, and 30,563 children though only about a fifth of juniors are female.[1] It is the seventh most participated team sport and fourth code of football after soccer, touch and rugby league.[1]
Historically AFL Queensland has reported inflated participation figures, for example in 2017 it estimated more than 250,000 participants and that more than 40% were female, however official Australian government statistics and later AFL Queensland reports have cited less than a fifth of this total.[166] AFL Queensland figures typically include players from northern New South Wales and participants in Auskick sessions which could not be classified as regular players.
Queensland based AFL clubs have priority development access to the Northern Academy Recruitment Zone via the Brisbane Lions Academy and Gold Coast Suns Academy.[172] As a result, many of the players from these areas end up playing in the AFL with the designated club.
Since Erwin Dornau in 1948[86] more than 180 Queenslanders as at 2020 had played in the AFL, well over half of them made their debuts in the 21st century.
Bird, Murray; Parker, Greg (2018). More of the Kangaroo: 150 Years of Australian Football in Queensland – 1866 to 2016. Morningside, Qld. ISBN978-0-9943936-1-6. OCLC1082363978.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
de Moore, Greg; Hess, Rob; Nicholson, Matthew; Stewart, Bob (2021). Australia's Game: The History of Australian Football. Hardie Grant Books. ISBN9781-74379-657-3.
Bird, Murray (2015). Athenians and Red Invincibles – The Origins of Queensland Football. Sports Publishing Pty Ltd. ISBN9780646938073.
John Morton's Queensland Australian Rules Year Book 1960 by John Morton, 1960
Queensland Team of the Century Football Record Official Programme, AFL Queensland, 2003
Official Souvenir Programme of Collingwood v South Melbourne, Queensland Australian National Football League, 1935
The Brisbane Bears was the name for a professional Australian rules football club based in Brisbane, Queensland. Granted a Victorian Football League license in 1986, it was the first privately owned club in the history of the competition and debuted in the 1987 VFL season.
AFL Queensland Limited (AFLQ) is the governing body of Australian rules football in Queensland formed in 2000 and based at Leyshon Park in the Brisbane suburb of Yeronga. AFL Queensland has over 216,000 participants (including Northern Rivers which is governed by AFLQ) playing at all levels of football from the introductory NAB AFL Auskick program to the AFL Masters Competition. AFL Queensland covers 13 regions, 24 leagues and 159 clubs.
Football in Australia refers to numerous codes which each have major shares of the mainstream sports market, media, broadcasting, professional athletes, financial performance and grassroots participation: Australian rules football, rugby league, rugby union and soccer. There are four pre-eminent professional football competitions played in Australia: the Australian Football League, the National Rugby League, Super Rugby and the A-League (soccer). Rugby League is the most watched sport in Australia based on television viewership, however, Australian football attracts larger live attendences. In the states of New South Wales and Queensland, rugby football is overall the most watched and receives the most media coverage, especially the Rugby League State of Origin contested between the two states referred to as "Australian sport's greatest rivalry". In recent times, there has been an increase in popularity in Australian football and corresponding decrease in popularity of Rugby union in New South Wales and Queensland. Soccer, while extending its lead in participation rate, particularly in the large cities, and improving its performance at the FIFA World Cup and at the FIFA Women's World Cup, continues to attract the overall lowest attendance, as well as media and public interest, of the four codes.
Representative matches in Australian rules football are matches between representative teams played under the Australian rules, most notably of the colonies and later Australian states and territories. Senior intercolonial representative matches took place from 1879 to the turn of the 20th century. For most of the 20th century, the absence of a national club competition in Australia meant that interstate matches were regarded as important events.
Cazalys Stadium is a sports stadium in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. It is situated in the suburb of Westcourt. The stadium is named after the social club which abuts the oval, Cazalys, which itself was named after Australian rules footballer Roy Cazaly.
AFL Darling Downs coordinates Australian rules football competitions in the Darling Downs and South Burnett regions of Queensland including its major city of Toowoomba where there are four of the senior clubs are based. The competition was formed as the Darling Downs Australian Football League in 1971. AFL Darling Downs has senior men's, women's as well as multiple grades of junior competition.
Australian rules football in South East Queensland has a varied history, and many changes were made especially in the 21st century. Ruled and organised by the AFL Queensland, the region had a total of 46 teams playing in different divisions.
In New Zealand, Australian rules football dates back to the 1860s, was home to the first club formed outside Australia in 1876 and was the first colony outside of Australia to take up the sport. The sport's official name was changed in 1890 to Australasian Football acknowledge New Zealand's participation and remained for some time even after the country was expelled from the Australasian Football Council. After a half century hiatus of organised competition, it has grown rapidly as an amateur sport. Today five of New Zealand's sixteen regions have organised competitions: Auckland ; Canterbury ; Wellington ; Waikato and Otago. A four-team national competition with a national draft has been contested at the North Harbour Stadium in Auckland since 2016 for men and 2019 for women. The national team were crowned International champions at the 2005 Australian Football International Cup and competed annually against the AFL Academy between 2012 and 2019. Since the 2010s the game has also grown at junior level among New Zealand schools as the "Hawks Cup".
The Queensland Australian Football League is an Australian rules football competition organised by the AFL Queensland, contested by clubs from South East Queensland.
North Ipswich Reserve, known as Qld Group Stadium or commercially Bendigo Bank Oval, is a sports venue in Ipswich, Queensland. Originally an Australian rules football oval, it became a primarily rugby league venue in the 1920s as that code experienced an explosion in local popularity. It is currently home to the Ipswich Jets, who play in the Queensland Wizard Cup. On occasion the venue plays host to National Rugby League trial matches, most recently when the Sydney Roosters played the Jets.
In Papua New Guinea (PNG), Australian rules football is a developing team sport which was initially introduced by Australian servicemen during World War II. The governing body for the sport is the PNG Rules Football Council, with the development body being AFL PNG. The junior development version is known locally as Niukick. Regionally, AFL PNG is affiliated with AFL South Pacific with an Australian development pathway through AFL Queensland.
In New South Wales, Australian rules football dates back to the 1860s colonial era, with organised competitions being continuous since the 1880s. It is traditionally popular in the outback areas of the state near the Victorian and South Australian borders— in the Murray Region, in the Riverina and in Broken Hill. These areas form part of an Australian cultural divide described as the Barassi Line. To the west of the line it is commonly known as "football" or "Australian Football" and to east of the line, it is promoted under the acronym "AFL" by the main development body AFL NSW/ACT. There are more than 15 regional leagues though some are run from other states, the highest profile are AFL Sydney and the Riverina Football Netball League. With 80,572 registered players, it has the third most of any jurisdiction.
The Brisbane Football Club is a defunct football club, formed in May 1866 in the colonial capital of Brisbane. Brisbane FC was the first known football club of any code in the Colony of Queensland. It was the first club outside Victoria to adopt what was then known as the 'Victorian rules' football from 1866. It is also the first recorded club to have played multiple football codes in Queensland, including soccer (1867–1875) and rugby (1876–1879).
The Barassi Line is an imaginary line in Australia which approximately divides areas where Australian rules football or rugby league is the most popular football code. The term was first used by historian Ian Turner in his 1978 Ron Barassi Memorial Lecture. Crowd figures, media coverage, and participation rates are heavily skewed in favour of the dominant code on either side. Other sports are unaffected by the dichotomy; Australian cricket, for example, has maintained consistent national interest throughout its history.
A push in the back is a free kick awarded in Australian rules football against a player who illegally tackles or interferes with a player from behind when contesting possession.
In Queensland, Rugby league was introduced in 1908 and is the most watched winter sport in the state and the second most participated football code after soccer. Within its first decade it surpassed rugby union there to become the most popular football code as players switched to play professionally in the Queensland Rugby League (QRL). In the 1920s, Queenslanders began leaving to play professionally in the New South Wales Rugby League which became a more popular competition. However Queensland maintained a strong rugby league culture, with the state continuing to perform well in interstate rugby league. The later advent of the State of Origin series ensured that players would return to represent their state. Regarded as “Australian sport's greatest rivalry”, the term "Origin fever" is used by the media to describe the passion of the Queenslanders public for the competition and the chant "Queenslander!", attributed to Billy Moore in 1995, has become the state's battle cry. The Queensland Rugby League is the governing body and has 58,912 adult and 33,940 child tackle players. Rugby league authorities often count touch football players as participants, though that sport is only loosely affiliated and is separately governed by Touch Football Queensland.
Rugby union in Queensland has traditionally been one of the most popular professional and recreational team sports in the state. Rugby union was introduced in the British colony's capital Brisbane in 1876. Initially it struggled to gain a foothold due to the popularity of Australian rules there until it got its break in 1882 with the first inter-colonial matches against New South Wales, and the formation of the Northern Rugby Union. Between 1885 and 1887 it became the dominant code after the leading schools association decided to play it exclusively and after 1890 spread virtually unopposed throughout the colony.
The Aspley Football Club, nicknamed the Hornets, is an Australian rules football club based in the northern-Brisbane suburb of Aspley. The club competes in multiple Queensland-based competitions, including in the Queensland Australian Football League, Division 1 of the Queensland Football Association, the Queensland AFL Women's League, and several underage competitions for boys and girls. The senior men's team has in the past competed in second-tier state league competitions, notably the North East Australian Football League from 2011 to 2020 and the Victorian Football League in 2021.
Springfield Central Stadium is an Australian rules football venue located in Springfield, a suburb of Ipswich, approximately 30 km south-west of Brisbane.
The Queensland Football Association (QFA) was the first club-independent governing body for football in the Colony of Queensland founded on 30 April 1880. Its role was primarily to facilitate club and representative matches primarily in Australian rules football but also in Rugby union and occasionally soccer.
References
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Commission, Australian Sports Commission; jurisdiction=Commonwealth of Australia; corporateName=Australian Sports. "AusPlay results". Sport Australia. Retrieved 5 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ "TELEGRAPHIC". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.XX, no.2, 596. Queensland, Australia. 23 May 1866. p.2. Retrieved 3 December 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "THE CRICKETERS". The Queenslander. Vol.I, no.45. Queensland, Australia. 8 December 1866. p.6. Retrieved 25 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "CRICKET". The Queenslander. Vol.I, no.17. Queensland, Australia. 26 May 1866. p.7. Retrieved 25 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "EVOLUTION OF FOOTBALL". The Cairns Post. Vol.XXXIV, no.4012. Queensland, Australia. 7 July 1921. p.2. Retrieved 12 September 2024– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "TELEGRAPHIC". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.XXI, no.2, 647. Queensland, Australia. 21 July 1866. p.4. Retrieved 6 August 2024– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "TELEGRAPHIC". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.XXI, no.2, 660. Queensland, Australia. 6 August 1866. p.2. Retrieved 6 August 2024– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "TELEGRAPHIC". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.XXII, no.3, 057. Queensland, Australia. 29 July 1867. p.2. Retrieved 26 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "The Courier". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.XXV, no.4, 226. Queensland, Australia. 20 April 1871. p.2. Retrieved 6 August 2024– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "WEEKLY SUMMARY". Rockhampton Bulletin. Vol.XII, no.1751. Queensland, Australia. 24 May 1873. p.2. Retrieved 26 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
1 2 FOOTBALL MATCH AT WARWICK Warwick Examiner and Times 5 August 1876 Page 2
↑ The Queenslander (Brisbane, Qld.: 1866 – 1939) View title info Sat 1 July 1876 Page 15 Football
↑ "FOOTBALL MATCH". Cairns Post. Vol.III, no.121. Queensland, Australia. 3 September 1885. p.3. Retrieved 18 August 2022– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Reuter's Cablegrams". The Northern Miner. Vol.VII, no.686. Queensland, Australia. 22 September 1885. p.2. Retrieved 11 April 2022– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Advertising". Morning Bulletin. Vol.XXXV, no.4636. Queensland, Australia. 17 May 1886. p.1. Retrieved 30 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
1 2 "Melbourne". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.XXXIV, no.4, 039. Queensland, Australia. 1 May 1880. p.4. Retrieved 30 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ The Brisbane Courier Mon 17 July 1882 Page 3 FOOTBALL NOTES.
1 2 "Football". The Week. Brisbane. 10 November 1883. p.6, col. 3. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
↑ Sean Fagan, RugbyAustralis.com (Archive, 10 August 2011)
↑ Ronald Lawson, University of Queensland Press, 1973, page 203
↑ Mon 18 June 1888 Page 3 Intercolonial Football Match
1 2 "FOOTBALL". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.XLIV, no.9, 493. Queensland, Australia. 18 June 1888. p.6. Retrieved 1 December 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australian Football". The Telegraph. No.6, 190. Queensland, Australia. 19 August 1892. p.2. Retrieved 8 December 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "MISCELLANEOUS". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.LX, no.14, 212. Queensland, Australia. 1 August 1903. p.11. Retrieved 25 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "FOOTBALL". The Herald. No.7882. Victoria, Australia. 7 August 1903. p.4. Retrieved 25 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Victorian Game". The Telegraph. No.9591. Queensland, Australia. 17 August 1903. p.5 (SECOND EDITION). Retrieved 25 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN RULES". The Cairns Post. No.9495. Queensland, Australia. 7 July 1932. p.6. Retrieved 12 September 2024– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN RULES". The Cairns Post. No.9496. Queensland, Australia. 8 July 1932. p.8. Retrieved 12 September 2024– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "NATIONAL FOOTBALL". The Cairns Post. No.9548. Queensland, Australia. 7 September 1932. p.6. Retrieved 12 September 2024– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "V.F.L. GAMES SCHEME ABANDONED". The Mercury. Vol.CLXIX, no.25, 018. Tasmania, Australia. 24 February 1951. p.35. Retrieved 26 November 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.LXI, no.14, 554. Queensland, Australia. 5 September 1904. p.6. Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australian Football". Truth. No.288. Queensland, Australia. 13 August 1905. p.8. Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australian Football". Day Dawn Chronicle. Vol.4, no.27. Western Australia. 16 August 1905. p.2. Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "UNDER AUSTRALIAN RULES". The Daily Telegraph. No.8443. Sydney. 25 June 1906. p.5. Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN RULES". Evening News. No.12, 509. New South Wales, Australia. 13 July 1907. p.9. Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australian Football". Truth. No.390. Queensland, Australia. 14 July 1907. p.8. Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "INTERSTATE FOOTBALL". The Brisbane Courier. Vol.LXVI, no.16, 116. Queensland, Australia. 6 September 1909. p.4. Retrieved 28 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Australian Football". Queensland Times. Vol.LXIII, no.11, 028. Queensland, Australia. 11 July 1921. p.6 (DAILY.). Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL". Queensland Times. Vol.LXIII, no.11, 031. Queensland, Australia. 14 July 1921. p.7 (DAILY.). Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
↑ "Football". The Telegraph. No.15, 175. Queensland, Australia. 18 July 1921. p.3 (SECOND EDITION). Retrieved 27 October 2021– via National Library of Australia.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
