Football club (association football)

Last updated February 27, 2024

In association football, a football club (or association football club, alternatively soccer club) is a sports club that acts as an entity through which association football teams organise their sporting activities. The club can exist either as an independent unit or as part of a larger sports organization as a subsidiary of the parent club or organization.

The sport of association football allows teams that partake in some sort of club activity to participate in tournaments such as leagues and other competitions. Teams must register their players as well as staff and other personnel in order to be eligible to represent the club in any activity as it regards to association football competitions.^[1]

Club competitions

In association football terminology, competitions are referred to as "club competitions". Supporters may also acquire membership rights within their club. Even sponsors may be accounted for as members of the club of affiliation. This is a reason as to why the sport came to be called association football. The exact requirements for club licensing are regulated by FIFA and implemented on a national level within each national member association.^[2]

The majority of association football clubs take part in a league system. These league systems are governed on a continental level by the six regional FIFA confederations. Football clubs exist all over the world on amateur, semi-professional or professional levels of the game. They can be owned by members as well as business entities.

History

Football clubs have been in practice since the 19th century, with the existence of clubs dating back to the 1850s.^[3]^[4] During the early 1860s, there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various football games that were played in the public schools as well in the industrial north under the Sheffield Rules. Working class, industrial cities all over the U.K. began forming their own Football Associations in the late 1800s, from the Scottish Football Association in 1873 to Lancashire FA in 1878. Teams still in existence began popping up, some with the help of the Church; for example, Aston Villa was founded in 1874, Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1877, Bolton Wanderers in 1874 and Everton in 1878.^[5]

Professional football clubs

Due to the scope and popularity of the sport, professional football clubs carry a significant commercial existence, with fans expecting personal service and interactivity, and external stakeholders viewing the field of professional football as a source of significant business advantages.^[6]^[7]^[8] For this reason, expensive player transfers have become an expectable part of the sport. Awards are also handed out to managers or coaches on a yearly basis for excellent performances.

The designs, logos and names of professional football clubs are often licensed trademarks. The difference between a football team and a (professional) football club is incorporation. A football club is an entity which is formed and governed by a committee and has members which may consist of supporters in addition to players.

A consequence of the FIFA rules and regulations for association football clubs is that players are not allowed to be owned by any legal entity other than the clubs themselves. This means that the involvement of external investors in the acquirement of players to the club must only involve the eventual transfer of the rights to the contract of the player in question, and not the contract itself.^[9]

Economics

There are several professional football clubs that are publicly traded.^[10] Normally, football clubs are not run with the intent of profit maximization, as its sports outcomes are considered more important than its financial outcomes by its ownership.^[11] In addition, financial regulations as, for example, UEFA Financial Fair Play may also limit what a club is and is not allowed to do with their spending and capital holdings.

The capital structure of a football club most closely resembles that of a nonprofit corporation, although it may still be profitable per se to its investors. A practical example is the fact that clubs may deliberately price matchday tickets below market value, instead favouring a higher stadium attendance or membership priority access over total matchday revenues.^[12] Another notable example is the prevalence of community initiatives by professional football clubs.^[13]^[14]

The English Premier League is wholly owned by its 20 participating member clubs.^[15]

Markets

Professional football clubs also act as market entities offering a highly sought after product to an entertainment sector audience. It therefor acts as a market intermediator between its product (the football players) and its market (the supporters).^[16] In doing so, it fills a presence within a certain geographic area where football is a natural part of the culture. Football clubs may also expand their area of reach further from the local region of origin to whom they belong.^[17]

Youth systems

Many association football clubs will have either one or more youth systems connected to the organization, either as part of the club, or as an affiliate to the club. The more prestigious football clubs often have a combination of their own youth academies, as well as external sources of talent (pools) through affiliated clubs as well as the arrangement of youth tournaments.

Stadiums

An association football club normally has a designated stadium as their home ground, where the club plays its home games, which normally make up about half of fixtures for a given season. The home ground can either be owned by the club itself or by some other entity such as a business, city or district. Clubs often are the sole event organisers of their home games.

Stadium naming rights are sometimes procured by sponsors in order to generate additional sources of revenue for the football club. Normally this requires the club (or its owners) to have sole ownership of the stadium of which naming rights are sold.^[18]

Administrative infrastructure

An association football club exists as a business entity. The club signs commercial contract with players as well as non-playing personnel. As any business entity it has its own secretary or secretarial department as well as financial, legal, accounting and other departments. The club also often has a department or someone who popularizes it or interacts with public on behalf of the club (public affair). The club may also contain own agronomist or whole agricultural department.

An association football club often times provides some medical support in forms of first or urgent medical aid and physical rehabilitation or recovery plans for its players.

Related Research Articles

The Fédération internationale de football association is the international governing body of association football, beach soccer, and futsal. It was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland, its membership now comprises 211 national associations. These national associations must also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided: CAF (Africa), AFC, UEFA (Europe), CONCACAF, OFC (Oceania), and CONMEBOL.

Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products. It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."

Hull City Association Football Club is a professional association football club based in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. They compete in the EFL Championship, the second level of the English football league system. They play their home games at the MKM Stadium, after moving from Boothferry Park in 2002. The club's traditional home colours are black and amber, often featuring in a striped design on the shirt, hence their nickname, the Tigers. Hull also contest the Humber derby with both Grimsby Town and Scunthorpe United.

The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) governs most levels of soccer in the United States, including the national teams, professional leagues, and amateur leagues, being the highest soccer authority in the country. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) governs most colleges; secondary schools are governed by state-level associations, with the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) setting the rules at that level. The match regulations are generally the same between the three governing bodies although there are many subtle differences.

The French Football Federation is the governing body of football in France. It was formed in 1919 and is based in the capital, Paris. The FFF was a founding member of FIFA and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the game of football in France, both professional and amateur. The French Football Federation is a founding member of UEFA and joined FIFA in 1907 after replacing the USFSA, who were founding members.

Association football culture, or football culture refers to the cultural aspects surrounding the game of association football. As the sport is global, the culture of the game is diverse, with varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness in each country. In many countries, football has ingrained itself into the national culture, and parts of life may revolve around it. Many countries have daily football newspapers, as well as football magazines. Football players, especially in the top levels of the game, have become role models.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edinburgh City F.C.</span> Association football club based in Edinburgh, Scotland

Edinburgh City Football Club is a semi-professional senior Scottish football club which plays in Scottish League One, the third tier of the Scottish Professional Football League. The club play at Meadowbank Stadium, returning to the rebuilt arena in 2022 after five years at Ainslie Park.

Koninklijke Patro Eisden Maasmechelen is a Belgian football club from the municipality of Maasmechelen in Limburg. The club play in Challenger Pro League from 2023–24, second tier of Belgian football.

Donald P. Garber is an American sports executive who has served as the Commissioner of Major League Soccer since 1999. Garber is also the CEO of Soccer United Marketing and a member of the United States Soccer Federation board of directors.

Paris Football Club, commonly referred to as Paris FC or simply PFC, is a French professional football club based in Paris, that competes in the Ligue 2, the second tier of French football. Paris FC play their home matches at the Stade Charléty, which is located in the 13th arrondissement of Paris.

The Malaysia Premier League was the second-tier professional football league in Malaysia. The league replaced the former second-tier league, Liga Perdana 2 in the Malaysian football league system.

Professional sports leagues are organized in numerous ways. The two most significant types are one that developed in Europe, characterized by a tiered structure using promotion and relegation in order to determine participation in a hierarchy of leagues or divisions, and a North American originated model characterized by its use of franchises, closed memberships, and minor leagues. Both these systems remain most common in their area of origin, although both systems are used worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soccer in Australia</span> Association football in Australia

Soccer, also known as football, is the most played outdoor club sport in Australia, and ranked in the top ten for television audience as of 2015. The national governing body of the sport is Football Australia (FA), which until 2019, organised the A-League Men, A-League Women, and still organises the Australia Cup, as well as the men's and women's national teams. The FA comprises nine state and territory member federations, which oversee the sport within their respective region.

Sports law in the United States overlaps substantially with labor law, contract law, competition or antitrust law, and tort law. Issues like defamation and privacy rights are also integral aspects of sports law. This area of law was established as a separate and important entity only a few decades ago, coinciding with the rise of player-agents and increased media scrutiny of sports law topics.

Brendan Schwab is an Australian sports administrator, trade union official and lawyer, specialising in labour law, human rights law, collective bargaining and dispute resolution, particularly in professional team sports. On 1 July 2015, he was appointed the Executive Director of the World Players Association, based in Nyon, Switzerland as an autonomous sector of UNI Global Union.

Association football contracts are the legal contracts for both amateur and professional football. Football contracts overlaps substantially with contract, tort and labour law. Issues like defamation, privacy rights and intellectual property law are also an integral aspect of football contracts. This area has been subject to a number of controversies since the 1990s. These cases have coincided with the rebalancing of player power and increased media scrutiny and commercialisation of football.

The DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of Die Liga – Fußballverband. The DFL is responsible for entire operating business of the Ligaverband, including the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga leagues. The chairman of supervisory board of the DFL is Reinhard Rauball. Christian Seifert is CEO of the DFL.

Born in 1965 in Liège, Belgium, Jean-Louis Dupont is a lawyer specialized in European law.

Rangers is a professional football club in Scotland founded in 1872. The club entered financial difficulties during the late 2000s, and the club entered administration in February 2012. It owed substantial amounts to HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), who subsequently refused to allow Rangers to exit administration via a company voluntary arrangement (CVA). The Rangers Football Club plc entered liquidation on 31 October 2012.

Associazione Calcio Milan, colloquially known as Milan Women or simply Milan, is an Italian women's association football club affiliated with AC Milan, the professional football club in Milan. It was established in 2018 by acquiring the Serie A licence of a Capriolo, Brescia-based team Brescia Calcio Femminile. The team compete in Serie A and are based in the Centro Sportivo Vismara.

References

↑ "Club Licensing Regulations" (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
↑ "FIFA Club Licensing Handbook" (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
↑ "Football clubs ordered after establishment". footballhistory.org. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
↑ Lee, Chris (15 July 2021). Origin Stories: The Pioneers Who Took Football to the World. Brighton, UK: Pitch Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1785317699.
↑ "Soccer Origins, Growth and History of the Game". thepeoplehistory.com. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
↑ Breuer, Christoph; Rohde, Marc (1 March 2017). "The market for football club investors: a review of theory and empirical evidence from professional European football". European Sport Management Quarterly. 17 (3): 265–289. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1279203. S2CID 157226390 . Retrieved 18 June 2022.
↑ Callejo, Miguel Blanco; Forcadell, Francisco Javier (16 November 2006). "Real Madrid football club: A new model of business organization for sports clubs in Spain". Global Business and Organizational Excellence. 26 (1): 51–64. doi:10.1002/joe.20121 . Retrieved 18 June 2022.
↑ Senaux, Benoît (March 2008). "A stakeholder approach to football club governance". International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing. 4 (1): 4. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2008.017655 . Retrieved 18 June 2022.
↑ Robalinho, Marcelo (2014). Third-Party Ownership of Football Players. ISBN 978-1-4689-4179-1.
↑ "Football Clubs you can buy shares in". uk.advfn.com. ADVFN Financial News.
↑ Szymanski, Stefan; Smith, Ron (1997). "The English Football Industry: profit, performance and industrial structure". International Review of Applied Economics. 11: 135–153. doi:10.1080/02692179700000008.
↑ "Contestation in Modern English Professional Football: The Independent Supporters Association Movement". SAGE Journals. doi:10.1177/101269000035004002. S2CID 144506173.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Watson, Neil (2000). "Football in the community: 'What's the score?'". Soccer & Society. 1 (1): 114–125. doi:10.1080/14660970008721253. S2CID 145366147 . Retrieved 24 April 2023.
↑ Kolyperas, Dimitrios; Morrow, Stephen; Sparks, Leigh (2015). "Developing CSR in professional football clubs: drivers and phases". Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Emerald Insight. 15 (2): 177–195. doi:10.1108/CG-05-2014-0062. hdl: 1893/21665 .
↑ "About the Premier League". premierleague.com. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
↑ Fleischmann, A. Carolin; Fleischmann, Martin (January 2019). "International orientation of professional football beyond Europe: A digital perspective on the global reach of English, German and Spanish clubs". Sport, Business and Management. Emerald Insight. 9 (1): 97–114. doi:10.1108/SBM-10-2017-0065. S2CID 159049310 . Retrieved 30 June 2022.
↑ Keene, Stefan (6 June 2007). "The Peculiar International Economics of Professional Football in Europe". Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 54 (3): 388–399. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9485.2007.00421.x. S2CID 154498439 . Retrieved 30 June 2022.
↑ Gillooly, Leah; Medway, Dominic (2018). "Sponsorships, stadia, and naming rights". Routledge Handbook of Football Business and Management. Routledge. pp. 199–208. doi:10.4324/9781351262804-16. ISBN 9781351262804. S2CID 188620123.

External links

FIFA Club Licensing