Naming rights

Last updated
The main indoor arena in Salt Lake City was known as the Delta Center from 1991 to 2006. In 2023, Delta Air Lines re-bought the naming rights. Delta-center.jpg
The main indoor arena in Salt Lake City was known as the Delta Center from 1991 to 2006. In 2023, Delta Air Lines re-bought the naming rights.
The arena in Salt Lake City pictured in 2006, a temporary banner covering the previous branding Energysolutionsarena.jpg
The arena in Salt Lake City pictured in 2006, a temporary banner covering the previous branding

Naming rights are a financial transaction and form of advertising or memorialization whereby a corporation, person, or other entity purchases the right to name a facility, object, location, program, or event (most often a sports venue), typically for a defined period of time. For properties such as multi-purpose arenas, performing arts venues, or sports fields, the term ranges from three to 20 years. Longer terms are more common for higher profile venues such as professional sports facilities. [1]

Contents

The distinctive characteristic for this type of naming rights is that the buyer gets a marketing property to promote products and services, promote customer retention and/or increase market share.

There are several forms of corporate sponsored names. For example, a presenting sponsor attaches the name of the corporation or brand at the end (or, sometimes, beginning) of a generic, usually traditional, name (e.g. Mall of America Field at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome); or, a title sponsor replaces the original name of the property with a corporate-sponsored one (as is the case with most sponsored sports venues), with no reference to the previous name.

Stadium naming

Stadium naming may have shifted in recent years to promoting corporate trade names, but in earlier decades is largely traced to the family names of company founders.

The record for the highest amount paid for naming rights belongs to Crypto.com Arena. On November 17, 2021, a 20-year, US$700 million sponsorship deal was reached between Anschutz Entertainment Group and Singapore-based Crypto.com to rename Los Angeles's Staples Center (the Staples office supply store chain was the previous naming rights holder to the arena, having held them since the venue's opening in 1999). The home of the NHL's Los Angeles Kings and NBA's Los Angeles Lakers became known as Crypto.com Arena on December 25, 2021. [2]

Prior to the Crypto.com Arena deal, the record belonged to Toronto's Scotiabank Arena (formerly the Air Canada Centre, which opened in 1999), which garnered a deal of CA$800 million (US$517 million) over 20 years starting in 2018. [3]

The New Meadowlands Stadium, shared home of the New York Giants and New York Jets in East Rutherford, New Jersey, US, was expected to eclipse both deals, with experts estimating it would value US$25–30 million annually. [4] It ultimately fell short of that benchmark, with MetLife Stadium earning $17 million annually from its naming rights deal with MetLife. [5]

Occasionally, the purchaser of a stadium's naming rights may choose to donate those rights to an outside organization, typically one to which it is closely related. Probably the most notable example of this is Friends Arena, a major stadium in Stockholm. The facility was originally known as Swedbank Arena, but in 2012 that company donated those rights to the Friends Foundation, an organization heavily sponsored by Swedbank that seeks to combat school bullying. [6] More recently, the Kentucky Farm Bureau, an organization promoting the interests of Kentucky farmers that is best known to the non-farming public for its insurance business, acquired the naming rights to the University of Kentucky's new baseball park in 2018. The Farm Bureau in turn donated those naming rights to the Kentucky Department of Agriculture, naming the venue Kentucky Proud Park. The sponsored name is the brand used by said state agency in its marketing campaign for agricultural products produced in that state. [7]

In the United States

Citizens Bank Park baseball stadium in Philadelphia in August 2007; naming rights were purchased by Citizens Financial Group in 2003 for 20 years at $95 million. Ct900.jpg
Citizens Bank Park baseball stadium in Philadelphia in August 2007; naming rights were purchased by Citizens Financial Group in 2003 for 20 years at $95 million.
Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany in November 2008, whose naming rights were purchased by the financial services company Allianz SE Allianz Arena at night.jpg
Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany in November 2008, whose naming rights were purchased by the financial services company Allianz SE
Panorama of the United Center during a Blackhawks game in December 2023. The arena first opened in 1994 with the naming rights from United Airlines 20231227 09 Hawks win! (53707615097).jpg
Panorama of the United Center during a Blackhawks game in December 2023. The arena first opened in 1994 with the naming rights from United Airlines

Naming rights in United States may have been traced back to 1912 with the opening of Fenway Park in Boston. The stadium's owner had owned a realty company called "Fenway Realty" (itself, like the stadium, named for a nearby parkland), so the promotional value of the naming may have likely been considered. [8] Despite this, it is more widely believed to have begun in 1926 when William Wrigley, the chewing gum magnate and owner of the Chicago Cubs, named his team's stadium "Wrigley Field". In 1953, Anheuser-Busch head and St. Louis Cardinals owner August Busch, Jr. proposed renaming Sportsman's Park, occupied by the Cardinals, "Budweiser Stadium". [9] When this idea was rejected by Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball at that time, Anheuser-Busch then proposed the title "Busch Stadium" after one of the company's founders. The name was readily approved, and Anheuser-Busch subsequently released a new product called "Busch Bavarian Beer" (now known as Busch Beer). The name would later be shifted to the Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, shortened in the 1970s to "Busch Stadium" and remained the stadium's name until it closed in 2005. By that time, Major League Baseball's policy had changed – with Coors Field in Denver and Miller Park in Milwaukee going up in that span – and Anheuser-Busch (who retained the naming rights after selling the team) was able to use the same name for the Cardinals' new stadium which opened on April 4, 2006. Foxboro Stadium, the home of the New England Patriots between 1971 and 2001, was an early example of a team selling naming rights to a company that did not own it, naming the stadium Schaefer Stadium after the beer company from its opening until 1983.

The public reaction to this practice is mixed. Naming rights sold to new venues have largely been accepted, especially if the buyer is well-established and has strong local connections to the area, such as the cases of Rich Stadium (now Highmark BlueCross BlueShield Stadium) in the Buffalo suburb of Orchard Park, Heinz Field (now Acrisure Stadium) in Pittsburgh, and Coors Field in Denver. Selling the naming rights to an already-existing venue has been notably less successful, as in the attempt to rename Candlestick Park in San Francisco to 3Com Park. The general public (and some media outlets) continued to call the facility what it had been known as for over three decades – i.e. Candlestick Park. After the agreement with 3Com expired, the rights were resold to Monster Cable, and the stadium was renamed Monster Park. San Francisco voters responded by passing an initiative (Proposition H) [10] in the November 2004 elections that essentially stipulated the name must revert to Candlestick Park once the contract with Monster expired in 2008. The initiative proved largely ceremonial, however, and it was overturned by the passage of Proposition C in 2009 in response to desperate economic times. [11] The naming rights to the park were never resold and the stadium was closed and demolished in 2014.

Outside the United States

Sports stadiums with naming rights deals are most common in but not limited to the United States. "Named" stadiums can be found in countries including Australia, Japan, China, Finland, Canada, Israel and Germany, where 8 of the 10 largest football stadiums have their naming rights sold to corporate sponsors. The practice is widening in the United Kingdom; for instance the current stadium of Bolton Wanderers is the Toughsheet Community Stadium (after 17 years as Reebok Stadium, 4 as Macron Stadium and 5 as the University of Bolton stadium) and Arsenal Football Club's stadium (opened for the 2006/2007 season) is the Emirates Stadium, their previous ground being Arsenal Stadium. In cricket, the most famous example is The Oval, home of Surrey County Cricket Club. It has had several sponsors over the years, and is currently known as "The Kia Oval", having originally been known as the "Kennington Oval", after the district of London in which it is located.

Other examples

While the highest prices have traditionally been paid for stadium rights, many companies and individuals have found that selling their naming rights can be an important consideration in funding their business. Since the early 2000s, many new categories have opened up, such as the selling of the rights to name a new monkey species for $650,000. [12]

Public transit

Penn Medicine Station in Philadelphia, with naming rights acquired by the University of Pennsylvania Health System Penn medicine station 1.jpg
Penn Medicine Station in Philadelphia, with naming rights acquired by the University of Pennsylvania Health System

Naming rights to public transit stations have been sold in Las Vegas and Philadelphia (NRG station, Jefferson Station, and Penn Medicine station). [13] Such sales have been contemplated in New York [14] and Boston, and ruled out in San Francisco. [15] A sponsorship for the MBTA's State Street station by Citizens Bank lasted from 1997 to 2000. In Tampa, naming rights for both streetcar stations and rolling stock are available. [16]

In December 2016, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority approved a naming rights policy for its facilities and routes, but later rescinded the policy two months later over potential lawsuits for skipping sponsors. [17] [18]

Examples outside of the United States include Madrid Metro where the metro line Line 2 and the station Sol was renamed from 2013 to 2016 after the mobile phone operator Vodafone, [19] and Monumento Station in the Manila Light Rail Transit System in the Philippines, which was renamed Yamaha Monumento Station on February 14, 2018, after renovations. [20]

Sports

Naming rights in the realm of sports is common for both stadiums and sports competitions and series. In addition, some sports teams adopt a name of the sponsor as their team or club name (see List of sports clubs named after a sponsor).

Competitions

In association football, leagues and cup competitions sometimes adopt the name of their sponsors. For example, England's Premier League was known as the Barclays Premier League until 2016, and its FA Cup is officially the Emirates FA Cup. [21] The Premier League announced in 2015 that it would not accept a title sponsorship beginning in the 2016–17 season. [22] Since 2020, the French Professional Football Ligue adopted the name of Ligue 1 Uber Eats.

Action during the 2011 Alamo Bowl, with the logo of the corporate sponsor, Valero, at mid-field 2011 Alamo Bowl Terrance Ganaway touchdown.jpg
Action during the 2011 Alamo Bowl, with the logo of the corporate sponsor, Valero, at mid-field

In college football, most bowl games have modified their traditional names in favor of title sponsors, and in some cases have abandoned their traditional names. While most include their traditional name in some form (e.g. the Rose Bowl Game presented by Prudential), some have moved to sponsor-only names (e.g. the Gator Bowl was known for four playings as the TaxSlayer Bowl), a move that generally is treated with consternation from fans. [23] Some newer bowl games have been named after title sponsors since inception—for example, the Blockbuster Bowl, original named after Blockbuster Video when it debuted in 1990, has gone through multiple sponsorship and naming changes; for its December 2023 playing, it was known as the Pop-Tarts Bowl.

Team names and even whole leagues have occasionally been sold to corporate sponsors as well (examples include the New York Red Bulls in the former case, the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League for the latter), but this is generally rare in the United States and more common in other parts of the world.

During the 1980s, sanctioned auto races in NASCAR and IndyCar began to abandon their traditional names in favor of exclusive sponsor names. The trend expanded rapidly in NASCAR such that in 1991, all 29 races in the Winston Cup Series featured sponsor names (including the Daytona 500, which was given a presenting sponsor as the Daytona 500 by STP), with little or no reference to the original names. As of the 2010s, very few exceptions remain in NASCAR (such as the Daytona 500, which no longer uses the presenting sponsor), and typically races without sponsor names only lack them because a suitable sponsor could not be secured in enough time. IndyCar follows suit, with most races (except the very traditional Indianapolis 500) embracing title sponsorship. Sports media coverage (such as ESPN news reports) typically refer to races by the town in which the home race track is held, avoiding the use of sponsored names in news coverage. [24]

Media

Television and radio series, especially in the early days of each medium in the early-mid 20th century, frequently sold the naming rights to their programs to sponsors, most of whom bankrolled the program; examples include The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour , [25] Texaco Star Theatre and The Philco Television Playhouse . This form of sponsorship fell out of favor in the late 1950s, although later examples include Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom , which originally aired from 1963 to 1988. One of the last surviving examples is the now irregularly-airing Hallmark Hall of Fame , on the air since 1951.

Unofficial naming rights

The International Star Registry is a commercial company that since 1979 has sold unofficial naming rights to stars (i.e., the astronomical objects). The naming services are limited to an entry in a book, and carry no scientific or official authenticity according to professional astronomers. [26] [27] [28] [29]

Social connotations

In some places, and especially in the UK and United States, the naming or renaming of arenas or events is usually met with disapproval from the general public. Some people see it as an example of a selling out, [30] [31] [32] [33] especially when they see no obvious benefit to themselves. They often refuse to use a new name, preferring instead to use a non-branded name, especially in colloquial situations. Rebranding can also lead to confusion. [34] In such cases, there may be a lengthy period during which the property is known by both names. A common example is Willis Tower in Chicago which was and often still is referred to as the "Sears Tower", even though the building was sold in 1994 (but retained its former name until 2003). [35]

Sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro, Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games prohibit the use of corporate-sponsored name on stadiums, construing the practice as a form of ambush marketing. Any stadium that uses a corporate-purchased name must always be referred to in all event-related media (including live broadcasts) by a generic name (e.g., General Motors Place was referred to as "Canada Hockey Place" during the 2010 Winter Olympics). On the other hand, Toyota Stadium was referred to as "City of Toyota Stadium" during the 2019 Rugby World Cup to avoid confusion as a form of ambush marketing; the stadium is not named after Toyota Motor Corporation, but the name of the city in which the stadium is located (though the city was named after the company). The regular corporate signage of a site, including billboards and deck advertising, is usually covered up in these cases; in the FIFA case the signage is replaced solely with FIFA sponsors. However, with the near-universal use of LED ribbon boards, scoreboards, and sideline boardings since the mid-2000s in most major league sites where only known sponsors have advertising displayed, "neutralizing" an arena has become a much easier process than in the past.

Regina, Saskatchewan's REAL District was formerly named "Evraz Place"; when discussing its 2022 rebranding, its owner Regina Exhibition Association Limited stated that it had sometimes received shipments and communications meant for the Evraz steel company – mistakenly believing that the company's North American division was based there. [36] [37] However, the main motivation for accelerating the name change was the perceived need to disassociate with the steel company, largely owned by Russian oligarchs, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Nonprofit usage

A nonprofit organization has the option to recognize a major gift from a donor by bestowing naming rights to a property in recognition of the financial support. This is not a financial transaction in the style of the private sector. For example, in honor of the more than $60 million donated over the years by one donor to the National Air and Space Museum properties, the directors of the Smithsonian Institution chose to name its satellite facility in Loudoun County, Virginia, after the donor, calling it the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. [38]

Walgreen Coast, a portion of the coast of Antarctica, was so named because the Walgreens pharmacy chain sponsored the Byrd Antarctic Expedition. [39]

See also

Related Research Articles

Budweiser is an American-style pale lager, a brand of Belgian company AB InBev. Introduced in 1876 by Carl Conrad & Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, Budweiser has become a large selling beer company in the United States. Budweiser is a filtered beer, available on draft and in bottles and cans, made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labatt Brewing Company</span> Belgian-owned brewery in Canada

Labatt Brewing Company Limited is a Anheuser-Busch InBev-owned brewery headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1847, Labatt is the largest brewer in Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stadium</span> Place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events

A stadium is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anheuser-Busch</span> American brewing company

Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC is an American brewing company headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Since 2008, it has been wholly owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, now the world's largest brewing company, which owns multiple global brands, notably Budweiser, Michelob, Stella Artois, and Beck's.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taylor Field (Regina, Saskatchewan)</span> Former stadium in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

Taylor Field, known in its latter years as Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field for sponsorship reasons, was an open-air stadium located in Regina, Saskatchewan. It was the home field of the Canadian Football League's Saskatchewan Roughriders from 1936 until 2016, although a playing field existed at the site as early as 1910 and the team began playing there as early as 1921. Originally designed primarily to house baseball the stadium was converted to a football-only facility in 1966.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crypto.com Arena</span> Multi-purpose indoor arena in Los Angeles, California

Crypto.com Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena in downtown Los Angeles. Opened on October 17, 1999 as the Staples Center, it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street, and has since been considered a part of L.A. Live. Owned and operated by Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), it is the home venue of the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL)—which are both owned in part by AEG's founder Philip Anschutz, as well as the WNBA's Los Angeles Sparks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foxboro Stadium</span> American football stadium in Foxborough, MA, US demolished in 2002

Foxboro Stadium, originally Schaefer Stadium and later Sullivan Stadium, was an outdoor stadium in the New England region of the United States, located in Foxborough, Massachusetts. It opened in 1971 and served as the home of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL) for 31 seasons and also as the first home venue for the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer (MLS) from 1996 to 2002. The stadium was the site of several games in both the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. Foxboro Stadium was demolished in 2002 and replaced by Gillette Stadium and the Patriot Place shopping center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newcastle International Sports Centre</span> Sports stadium in Newcastle, Australia

Newcastle International Sports Centre, currently known as McDonald Jones Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose sports stadium located in Newcastle, Australia. The ground is home to the Newcastle Knights and Newcastle Jets FC (A-League). It is owned by the Government of New South Wales and is administered by Venues NSW. Due to past sponsorship deals, the ground has been previously known as Marathon Stadium, EnergyAustralia Stadium, Ausgrid Stadium and Hunter Stadium. Newcastle International Sports Centre is also known as Newcastle Stadium when in use during AFC competitions due to conflicting sponsorship reasons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coventry Building Society Arena</span> Sports stadium in West Midlands, England

The Coventry Building Society Arena is a complex in Coventry, West Midlands, England. It includes a 32,609-seater stadium which is currently home to football team, Championship club Coventry City F.C. along with facilities which include a 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft) exhibition hall, a hotel and a casino. The site is also home to Arena Park Shopping Centre, containing one of UK's largest Tesco Extra hypermarkets. Built on the site of the Foleshill gasworks, it is named after its sponsor, Coventry Building Society who entered into a ten-year sponsorship deal in 2021. For the 2012 Summer Olympics, where stadium naming sponsorship was forbidden, the stadium was known as the City of Coventry Stadium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Busch Light Pole Award</span>

The Busch Light Pole Award, also called the Anheuser-Busch Pole Award if the driver is under 21 years of age, and previously the Busch Pole Award, Coors Light Pole Award and Budweiser Pole Award, is an award given to the fastest qualifier in each NASCAR national series points-paying race.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camping World</span> Camping vehicle and equipment manufacturer

Camping World Holdings, Inc. is an American corporation specializing in selling recreational vehicles (RVs), recreational vehicle parts, and recreational vehicle service. They also sell supplies for camping. The company has its headquarters in Lincolnshire, Illinois. In October 2016 it became a publicly traded company when it raised $251 million in an IPO. Camping World operates over 180 retail/service locations in 46 states, and also sells goods through mail order and online. It claims to be the world's largest supplier of RV parts and supplies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strawberry Arena</span> Association football stadium in Solna, Stockholm, Sweden

Nationalarenan, known as Strawberry Arena for sponsorship reasons, is a retractable roof multi-purpose stadium in Stockholm, Sweden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ambush marketing</span> Type of marketing strategy

Ambush marketing or ambush advertising is a marketing strategy in which an advertiser "ambushes" an event to compete for exposure against other advertisers.

The Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Centre is a sports administration and training facility located in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct in Melbourne, Australia. The facility opened in 1956 as an aquatic centre for the 1956 Olympic Games. In 1983, the Olympic-sized pool was replaced with a parquetry floor and the facility became Melbourne's home of numerous basketball events until 1998, most notably as the home venue for several National Basketball League teams including the North Melbourne Giants and Melbourne Tigers. The venue served as Melbourne's primary indoor concert arena from 1984 to 1988, until completion of the Rod Laver Arena.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stadion, Malmö</span> Football stadium in Malmö, Sweden

Stadion, currently known as Eleda Stadion for sponsorship reasons, is a football stadium in Malmö, Sweden and the home of Allsvenskan club Malmö Fotbollförening, commonly known as Malmö FF. In UEFA competitions, the stadium has also been known as Malmö New Stadium and formerly known as Swedbank Stadion for sponsorship reasons. The stadium was named after Swedish-based banking group Swedbank, which owned its naming rights between 2007 and 2017. Apart from being the home of Malmö FF, Stadion has also hosted senior and youth international matches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Wide Technology Soccer Park</span>

World Wide Technology Soccer Park is a soccer complex which includes four soccer-specific stadiums, with the main field, West Community Stadium, holding 5,500 seats. Located in Fenton, Missouri, United States, a suburb southwest of downtown St. Louis, it is operated by St. Louis Scott Gallagher Soccer Club whose 275 teams and 3,600 players use it for both practice and games. It is also the home field for Webster University's men's and women's soccer teams and was the home of Saint Louis FC from 2015-2020. The complex has five playing fields—three turf and two grass—and one main exhibition turf field, most of which are lighted. The fields are primarily used for soccer but also host field hockey and lacrosse teams. In addition to the playing surfaces, the complex features offices, home and away locker rooms, a fan shop, a banquet hall, a veranda overlooking the main field, two concession stands, a press box, and a private office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anheuser-Busch brands</span> Brewing company

Anheuser-Busch, a wholly owned subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, is the largest brewing company in the United States, with a market share of 45 percent in 2016.

REAL District is a 102-acre sport complex and exhibition grounds in Regina, Saskatchewan, operated by the Regina Exhibition Association Limited (REAL). The area is home to Mosaic Stadium, an outdoor stadium and home of the Saskatchewan Roughriders, and Brandt Centre, an indoor arena and home of the Regina Pats. Brandt Centre is connected to an interconnected series of various convention and sports facilities, including the Viterra International Trade Centre, Canada Place, the AffinityPlex, the Queensbury Convention Centre, and The Co-operators Centre, a six-rink hockey facility. The complex is host site of the Queen City Ex, as well as Canadian Western Agribition and Canada's Farm Show.

Crypto.com is a cryptocurrency exchange company based in Singapore that offers various financial services, including an app, exchange, and noncustodial DeFi wallet, NFT marketplace, and direct payment service in cryptocurrency. As of June 2023, the company reportedly had 80 million customers and 4,000 employees. The exchange issues its own exchange token named Cronos (CRO).

References

  1. ↑ Kamiya, Setsuko, "You name it: Rights for more municipal sites go on sale", Japan Times , 20 September 2011, p. 3.
  2. ↑ "MLSE agrees to record arena rights deal with Scotiabank - Article - TSN". TSN. 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  3. ↑ Wolf, Barnet D. "The Name Game: Company banners flying on more college stadiums, arenas" [ permanent dead link ], The Columbus Dispatch , April 29, 2007. Accessed May 20, 2007.
  4. ↑ Frankston Lorin, Janet. "Prices of Stadium Sponsorships Soar", February 10, 2008, Associated Press.[ dead link ]
  5. ↑ Caroom, Eliot (August 24, 2011). "MetLife Stadium naming deal official for Meadowlands home of Giants, Jets". The Star-Ledger . Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  6. ↑ Swedbank (2012-03-28). "Swedbank Arena becomes Friends Arena" (Press release). Business Wire. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
  7. ↑ Smith, Jennifer (October 19, 2018). "New UK baseball stadium now has a name. Here's who bought the rights". Lexington Herald-Leader . Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  8. ↑ Nash, Peter J. (2005). Boston's Royal Rooters. Arcadia Publishing. p. 45. ISBN   0-7385-3821-3.
  9. ↑ "Budweiser tag given baseball park in St. Louis". Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. United Press. April 10, 1953. p. 8.
  10. ↑ "Proposition H: Naming the Stadium at Candlestick Point - San Francisco County, CA". www.smartvoter.org.
  11. ↑ "Prop C: [insert name of highest bidder here] Park | i202 Fall 2009". courses.ischool.berkeley.edu.
  12. ↑ Internet Casino buys monkey naming rights Associated Press (2005), nbcnews.com
  13. ↑ "SEPTA Board Approves Station Naming Rights Agreement", SEPTA
  14. ↑ "A Subway Subway?" Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine , Gothamist
  15. ↑ "Subway Sponsor Plan Irks Some Bostonians". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012.
  16. ↑ "TECO Line Ad Rates" (PDF). tecolinestreetcar.org.
  17. ↑ Nelson, Laura J. (December 27, 2016). "'I just hope it's not too awkward': The names of Metro stations and bus lines are now for sale". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  18. ↑ Scauzillo, Steve (February 23, 2017). "Metro rescinds policy to sell corporate naming rights to rail lines, stations". San Gabriel Valley Tribune . Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  19. ↑ EFE (2016-06-02). "La estación de Sol recupera su nombre y pierde el 'apellido' Vodafone". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  20. ↑ "LRT-1 Station is now Yamaha Monumento". February 14, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  21. ↑ Gibson, Owen (April 28, 2015). "FA Cup set to be renamed in £30m Emirates sponsorship deal". The Guardian . Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  22. ↑ "Premier League closes door on title sponsorship from 2016-17 season". ESPN FC. June 4, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  23. ↑ Fortunato, John A. (14 August 2013). Sports Sponsorship: Principles and Practices. McFarland. pp. 70–76. ISBN   978-0-7864-7431-8.
  24. ↑ Yost, Mark (15 August 2007). The 200 MPH Billboard. Motorbooks. pp. 36–38. ISBN   978-0-7603-2812-5.
  25. ↑ Money, Nicholas P. (2018). The Rise of Yeast. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN   978-0198749707.
  26. ↑ Bob Berman (2003). Strange Universe: The Weird and Wild Science of Everyday Life--on Earth and Beyond . Henry Holt and Company. p.  158. ISBN   978-0-8050-7328-7.
  27. ↑ ISR FAQ, FAQ from International Star Registry
  28. ↑ Philip C. Plait (2002-03-05). Bad Astronomy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   0-471-40976-6.
  29. ↑ "The OFFICIAL Star Naming FAQ" (archived at Internet Archive
  30. ↑ "Glastonbury: a corporate sell-out?", BBC
  31. ↑ "Dreading festival", The Guardian , 26 August 2005
  32. ↑ "Golf News, Tournaments, Tours & Leaderboards". Golf Channel.
  33. ↑ "Farewell Telstra Dome", Herald Sun
  34. ↑ Lister, David (2008-11-08). "David Lister: Could O2 stop spoiling my rock gigs?" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  35. ↑ McClelland, Edward (5 June 2019). "Chicagoans Refuse to Call These Places by Their Real Names". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  36. ↑ "Regina's Evraz Place to be renamed the 'REAL District'". CTV News Regina. 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  37. ↑ "Keeping it REAL: Evraz Place now known as the REAL District". 980 CJME. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  38. ↑ Small, Lawrence M. (December 2003). "A Century's Roar and Buzz: Thanks to an immigrant's generosity, the Steven Udvar-Hazy Center opens its massive doors to the public". Smithsonian . Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  39. ↑ "Antarctica Detail". geonames.usgs.gov.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.