Goalball

Goalball
	The Swedish goalball team at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Highest governing body	IBSA
First played	1946 in Austria
Characteristics
Contact	None
Team members	3 per side
Mixed-sex	Single
Type	Team sport ; ball game ; parasport ;
Equipment	Goalball; Eyeshades
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide
Paralympic	1976

Last updated September 04, 2024

Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. Participants compete in teams of three, and try to throw a ball with bells embedded inside it into the opponents' goal.^[1] The ball is thrown by hand and never kicked. Using ear-hand coordination, originating as a rehabilitation exercise, the sport has no able-bodied equivalent. Sighted athletes are also blindfolded when playing this sport.

Played indoors, usually on a volleyball court, games consist of twelve-minute halves (formerly ten-minute halves) with a three-minute half-time.^[1] Where there is a tie, golden goal overtime occurs in the form of two three-minute periods (and a second three-minute half-time). If the tie persists, a paired shootout ('extra throws' and 'sudden death extra throws') determines the winner. Teams alternate throwing or rolling the ball from one end of the playing area to the other, and players remain in the area of their own goal in both defence and attack. Players must use the sound of the ball to judge its position and movement. Eyeshades allow partially sighted and blind players to compete on an equal footing.^[1] Eyepatches may be worn under eyeshades to ensure complete coverage of the eye, and prevent any vision should the eyeshades become dislodged.

The International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), founded in 1981 and responsible for a range of sports for blind and partially sighted people, is the official governing body for the sport.

History

Goalball was originally devised in 1946 by Hans Lorenzen, an Austrian, and Sepp Reindle, a German, as a means of assisting the rehabilitation of visually impaired World War II veterans.^[2]

Goalball gradually evolved into a competitive game during the 1950s and 1960s. It was eventually nominated as a demonstration sport at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg, West Germany, and became a Paralympic Games sport at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto.^[3]^[2] The sport's first world championship was held in Austria in 1978.

In 2011, the long-standing IBSA Goalball Subcommittee sought to separate from IBSA and form a new international body, the World Goalball Association. IBSA responded by appointing a new committee.

As of 2017^[update], there were 81 competing nations, and 270 international referees.^[3]

Essentials

Court and ball

IBSA goalball rules require the field of play to be 18 metres (59 ft) long by 9 metres (30 ft) wide.^[4] Goals span the width of the pitch.^[5] The court is divided into six even sections, 3 by 9 metres (9.8 by 29.5 ft). At either end, just in front of the goal, is the team area. Beyond that is each team's landing zone. The middle two sections are collectively referred to as the neutral zone.

The lines of the court are made by placing tape over lengths of twine. This makes the line both visual (for officials) and tactile (for players). The team area and landing zone, including the boundary, goal lines and high-ball lines, are always marked in this way. Furthermore, the team area has six hash marks (three at the front, one on either side, and one on the goal line) to assist with player orientation.

The ball weighs 1.25 kilograms (2.8 lb) and has eight holes and contains several noise bells. The ball's diameter is around 24 centimetres (9.4 in).^[5] A non-official ball of about 0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) has also been produced by several companies for use by younger players. At the Paralympic level, the ball has been measured leaving the hand in excess of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph). Despite this, through training and some padding, there are very few injuries.

Officials

For competitive games, the following set of officials are on the court:

referees (2) — Each referee remains along the sideline at one half of the court. One referee is 'table-side', the other 'off-table side'.
goal judges (4) — Positioned to the side of each goal edge, the goal judge raises their hand to confirm to the referee when a ball crosses the goal line. Goal judges are also crucial to the game's speed since they retrieve a ball going off court and drop it at the side hash mark of the team area so play can resume.
ten-second timers (2) — Keep track of the time between when a defending player contacts the ball and when the ball is thrown, calling '10 second' penalties when applicable. The role was expanded in the 2018 rule changes to include watching for eyeshade and illegal coaching penalties.
scorer — This technical official keeps track of the number of time-outs and substitutions taken by a team and, as the term suggests, keeps score.
game timer and back-up timer — Usually, as with a basketball scoreboard, the period's time counts down to zero. It is stopped and started by the referee's whistle. A back-up timer is used in case of power failure to the venue.

Players

Each team has three players on the court at a time, with one to three substitute players on the bench.

At an international level, including the Paralympic Games, the competition is divided into two categories, male and female. At other levels, this is a matter for the local organising committees. For example, in the United Kingdom, at the three levels of competition (novice – regional, intermediate – regional (north and south), and elite – national level), teams may be mixed sex.

There are three standard positions to play: centre, right wing and left wing. While there is typically no official designation, players often have a position they are best at or prefer, though some players will play any of the three and players are free to change position during a match with no prior announcement (and may do so for tactical reasons).

The centre player is the player most responsible for defence. The player typically lines up at the centre orientation mark at the front of the orientation area (the three-metre [9.8 ft] line forward of the goal post), further forward than the wings which helps to avoid collisions between players diving towards the direction of the ball. Other defensive arrangements are possible, but less common. The centre player is the most defensive position simply because the player is able to move both to the left and right to defend, covering a greater proportion of possible attacking shot lines. The centre player may also be the defensive coordinator.

The left and right wingers generally line up at the end of the orientation marks from the respective sidelines, at the 1.5-metre (4.9 ft) orientation mark. Their main defensive responsibilities are keeping the ball out of either corner of the goal, though they also defend towards the centre. Typically, the wingers are the main offence because there are some advantages to the angles of shots possible from their positions. This also allows the centre player to reserve their energy for defence, though the centre player may also have an offensive role.

Scoring

A goal scores one point, and is scored when the ball completely crosses the goal line. The team with the higher score at the end of regulation time is the winner. If regulation results in a tie, two three-minute overtime periods are played, for a golden goal (first goal concludes the game). If no goal is scored during overtime, penalty throws and sudden death penalty throws are taken. Should a goal difference of ten be reached, a mercy is called and the leading team is declared the winner.^[6]

Game play and etiquette

The game relies heavily on the sense of hearing instead of sight, so all outside noise, including cheering, clapping, chanting or ringtones from cellphones, is prohibited. The crowd is therefore repeatedly reminded to remain silent, and referees preface their call "Play!" with "Quiet, please!". Coaches cannot speak whilst the ball is in play, and so cannot influence the game.

Players, regardless of the degree of vision, wear blackened-out eyeshades which allow no light in, to ensure fairness. Fully-sighted individuals may play the sport while wearing eyeshades.

Beginning of play

The team winning the coin toss usually starts with the ball.

Offence

To score, a player must roll or bounce the ball down the length of the court, past the opposing defenders, and into the opponents' goal. Typically, the player with the ball will stand, orient themselves using the tactile lines, sounds from teammates, and/or the crossbar of their own goal. The player will then stride forward, lean low, and roll or side arm the ball down the court.

The ball must hit in the player's own landing zone, and anywhere in the neutral zone. So long as it hits each zone, the style of throw is entirely up to the player in question. Many players will take several strides and release the ball as close to their own high ball line as possible, leaning low to ensure a legal throw. Some players will throw after spinning, transferring the momentum of the spin into additional velocity. Others are able to throw the ball so that it will bounce just once in each of the required zones. Most elite players are effective when using multiple types of throws.

Defence

The defending players stay within the team area, generally in somewhat staggered positions to avoid collisions. When they hear the other team throw the ball, they 'lay out', that is slide on their hips and stretch their arms above their heads and extend their legs in order to cover as much distance as possible. The objective is simply to keep the ball from getting past with whatever part of the body the player can get in front of it.

Some players prefer to block the ball with their chests and absorb the impact. Others like to block with their legs so the ball will roll up their bodies into their hands. Regardless of method, the players will always try to make themselves as long as possible to block the greatest area.

Rules

Infractions

Infractions are generally punished by the loss of possession to the other team.

Premature throw – Throwing the ball before the official has called 'play'.
Ball over – The ball rebounds off a defending player, the crossbar or goalposts, and crosses back over half-court.

Penalties

A penalty throw may be awarded for:

Ten second penalty – A team takes more than ten seconds to throw the ball back over the centre line.
Delay of game – This can be caused by many different things. A coach reporting the wrong numbers for substitutions, a team not arriving in time for the coin toss that precedes the game, or too many or too few players taking the court.
Illegal defence – This is called if a defender makes contact with the ball while no part of the body is touching the team area.
Short ball – The ball fails to reach the opponent's team area when thrown.
High ball – The ball does not touch the thrower's landing zone when thrown.
Long ball – The ball does not touch the neutral zone when thrown.
Eyeshades – Touching eyeshades without permission.
Unsporting conduct – This can be a variety of things, from arguing with an official to pounding the floor and swearing
Noise – Unnecessary noise by the offensive team that prevents the defence from tracking the ball while the ball is travelling down the court.
Illegal coaching – Coaching from the bench during play or after an official has said 'Quiet please' with intentions of continuing or starting play. From 2006, rules allowed coaching from the bench during an official time-out.

In a penalty situation, a single player is required to defend the entire goal for one throw. The player chosen is determined by the penalty. For instance, a high ball or illegal defence penalty is defended by the player who committed the penalty. On the other hand, an illegal coaching penalty is defended by a player chosen by the coach of the throwing team (previously the last recorded thrower of that team).

Official rules

The official rules for the sport are provided on the IBSA website.^[3] Rules may be adjusted every four years.

Referees may be internationally certified under a structured scheme, from IBSA Goalball Level 1 to Level 3. Goalball world championships and Paralympic tournaments are called by Level 3 referees.^[3] Participating countries may also have a national referee scheme.

Changes over time have seen regulation period halves increase from seven, to ten, to the present twelve minutes. Team staff were limited to when coaching could occur, but now it is after any whistled stoppage in play. Rules such as step-over and third-time throw have been removed. The ball must be thrown back towards the opposition goals within ten seconds from contact. In 2014, this was extended to reaching the centre line to ensure a quicker delivery. Eye patching was introduced under the eye shades to reduce cheating.

Competitions and events

Goalball is a sport played at the Paralympic Games. During the Games, male and female teams are eligible to compete following various selection requirements.^[7] The number of participating teams has changed over the decades, but for the Paris 2024 Paralympic Games, this was reduced from ten to eight teams per division by the International Paralympic Committee.^[8] Competition is open to sighted persons to national level, but for international IBSA-sanctioned tournaments, athletes must have a visual impairment classification of B1, B2, or B3.^[3]

The IBSA World Goalball Championships has been held every four years, since 1978. A youth world championships was introduced, and the Fifth IBSA Goalball World Youth Championships were run in Budaors, Hungary, in July 2017,^[9] the first outside of the U.S. state of Colorado.

Diving as part of defensive skills has been used as a training activity for (sighted) sports teams. Professional teams trying goalball have included the Boston Bruins ice hockey,^[10] Queensland Fire cricket,^[11] and Seattle Sounders FC association football^[12] teams.

In popular culture

In 2006, the animated series Bernard produced a three-minute clip, featuring Eva the penguin introducing the titular polar bear to goalball.^[13]

In 2018, the sport was featured in the fourth episode of the anime Ani x Para: Anata no Hero wa Dare desu ka, where the characters of the anime KochiKame played a match of goalball.^[14]

Goalball was featured in episodes 10–12 of the 2020 Japanese anime, Breakers , where Paralympic sports are featured, originally planned to promote the 2020 Summer Paralympics.^[15]

Gallery

Goalballer Sarah Kennedy (Qld) makes a save for Australia
Goalballer Raelene Bock (NSW) competes for Australia
Egypt men's goalball team throwing towards Czech Republic
Ukraine women's goalball team preparing to defend against Greece
Canada women's goalball team throwing to Algeria
China and Iran men's teams lined-up for the introductions before the start of the game
South Korea men's team at line-up
Japan women's team throwing
Japan women's team defending
Japan defending a throw from Thailand

Related Research Articles

Handball is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the opposing team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.

Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of association football for athletes with a physical disability. These sports are typically played using International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) rules, with modifications to the field of play, equipment, numbers of players, and other rules as required to make the game suitable for the athletes.

Torball is a team sport for the blind and vision-impaired and was developed in the 1970s in central Europe. With some similar structures in the rules in the 1980s, it is different to the Paralympic Games team sport of goalball. The sport was recognised by International Blind Sports Federation in 2010.

Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. Australia commenced its involvement in the sport in 1980. Its men's team has completed in trans-Tasman competitions, the IBSA World Goalball Championships, and the Paralympic Games.

Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. Australia commenced its involvement in the sport in 1980. Its women's team has completed in trans-Tasman competitions, the IBSA World Goalball Championships, and the Paralympic Games.

Tyan "Little Girl" Taylor is an Australian goalball winger and is classified as a B3 competitor. In 2009, after only a month playing the sport, Taylor was named to the New South Wales team. She made the national team in 2011 and has played in the 2010 World Championships, 2011 IBSA Goalball World Cup and 2011 IBSA Africa Oceania Goalball Regional Champions. She represented Australia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics in goalball.

The 2011–12 Australia women's national goalball team, known as the Belles, is a goalball team that played in two Paralympic qualifying competitions and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. The official announcement confirming the 2011–12 team was made in May 2012. The team included Jennifer Blow, Meica Christensen, Michelle Rzepecki, Nicole Esdaile, Rachel Henderson and Tyan Taylor. Most of the players, with the exception of Christensen, were relatively new. Their first competition was the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) World Goalball Games, with the top two teams qualifying for the Summer Paralympics. While Australia finished second in its pool, it ended the tournament in sixth place following a loss to Israel. Their second major competition was the ISBA Oceania-Africa Goalball Regional Championships, where they beat New Zealand in the semi-final, and again in the final, to qualify for the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

United States women's national goalball team is the women's national team of the United States. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. The team takes part in international competitions.

Canada women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Canada. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. The team takes part in international goalball competitions.

Japan women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Japan. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. Its women's team has internationally completed including at the IBSA World Goalball Championships and the Paralympic Games.

Brazil women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Brazil. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. The team takes part in international goalball competitions.

Egypt women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Egypt. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. The team takes part in international goalball competitions.

China women's national goalball team is the women's national team of China. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with vision impairment. It takes part in international competitions.

Russia women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Russia. It takes part in international goalball competitions. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.

Brazil competed in the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, as host country, from 7 September to 18 September 2016.

Turkey has qualified to send athletes to the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016. Sports the country qualified to compete in include 5-a-side football, archery, goalball, and wheelchair basketball.

Goalball in Cameroon is one of several sports available to people with vision impairments to participate in. It arrived late to the blind sports community in Cameroon, with torball arriving first. It has subsequently, been supported domestically by clubs such as Club for the Blind Youth of Cameroon (CJARC) and PROMHANDICAM Yaounde.

Blind sports in Cameroon include goalball, torball, athletics, African wrestling, judo and 5-a-side football. Blind sports first began in the 2000s, with Cameroon participating in national and international competitions, and hosting workshops. In 2010, a new law was passed to try to increase enforcement of making buildings handicap accessible.

Blind football is played in Australia. The sport was introduced in the country in Victoria in 2014 as a result of Blind Sports Victoria creating a blind football development program. A regional blind football league was created in Victoria in 2015. The following year, the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) held a workshop in Melbourne, which was attended by representatives from blind sport organizations in New South Wales. Blind football continued to develop in 2017, governance of the sport was transferred to Blind Sports Australia who wanted to create a national team and develop the sport outside Victoria. That year also saw Australia get is first IBSA recognized blind football referees. In 2018, a talent development search took place in Sydney.

Lithuania men's national goalball team is the men's national team of Lithuania. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. It takes part in international competitions.

References

1 2 3 "Goalball - Paralympic Athletes, Photos & Events". Paralympic.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
1 2 "BBC SPORT | Other Sport | Disability Sport | Paralympics - goalball". BBC News. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2015. "Goalball". Österreichisches Paralympisches Committee. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
1 2 3 4 5 "Goalball - General information". International Blind Sports Association. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
↑ "授乳後のバストアップ". Ibsa-sports.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
1 2 Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
↑ "Paralympics Rules of the Game: Goalball". cbs8.com. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
↑ "Participation". Explanatory Book: Goalball. Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee. 1999. p. 27.
↑ "Paris 2024 Paralympic Medal Events Programme and Athletes Quotas announced". International Paralympic Committee. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
↑ "Final Results: 2017 IBSA Goalball World Youth Championships". International Blind Sports Federation. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
↑ "Boston Bruins on Twitter: "Goal Ball time! Jarome & Reilly got to spend time today with students at @Perkins_School for the Blind". Twitter.com. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
↑ "Queensland Fire volunteer for goalball". Australian Cricketers' Association. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
↑ "Goalball | Seattle Sounders FC". Soundersfc.com. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
↑ "Bernard Bear - 128 - Goalball". Bernard Bear. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2021. Eva will try to teach Bernard a different sport but Bernard is not too excited about it and will do things his way instead of following Eva´s instructions.
↑ "Kochikame Anime Features in Ani x Para Program's Episode 4". Anime News Network . 30 October 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
↑ "NHK announces anime about Para-Athletes, Breakers". So Japan. 13 December 2019.

External links

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Para2015-1] 1 2 3 "Goalball - Paralympic Athletes, Photos & Events". Paralympic.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

[BBC2004-2] 1 2 "BBC SPORT | Other Sport | Disability Sport | Paralympics - goalball". BBC News. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2015. "Goalball". Österreichisches Paralympisches Committee. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

[IBSA_Goalball-3] 1 2 3 4 5 "Goalball - General information". International Blind Sports Association. Retrieved 9 December 2017.

[4] "授乳後のバストアップ". Ibsa-sports.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

[Old_IBSA-sport_webpage-5] 1 2 Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[6] "Paralympics Rules of the Game: Goalball". cbs8.com. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2022.

[7] "Participation". Explanatory Book: Goalball. Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee. 1999. p. 27.

[8] "Paris 2024 Paralympic Medal Events Programme and Athletes Quotas announced". International Paralympic Committee. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.

[9] "Final Results: 2017 IBSA Goalball World Youth Championships". International Blind Sports Federation. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.

[10] "Boston Bruins on Twitter: "Goal Ball time! Jarome & Reilly got to spend time today with students at @Perkins_School for the Blind". Twitter.com. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

[11] "Queensland Fire volunteer for goalball". Australian Cricketers' Association. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2017.

[12] "Goalball | Seattle Sounders FC". Soundersfc.com. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

[13] "Bernard Bear - 128 - Goalball". Bernard Bear. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2021. Eva will try to teach Bernard a different sport but Bernard is not too excited about it and will do things his way instead of following Eva´s instructions.

[14] "Kochikame Anime Features in Ani x Para Program's Episode 4". Anime News Network . 30 October 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

[15] "NHK announces anime about Para-Athletes, Breakers". So Japan. 13 December 2019.

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