Mixed-sex sports

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A mixed-gender badminton match 2018-10-12 Badminton Mixed International Team Final match 2 at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank-004.jpg
A mixed-gender badminton match
An unofficial mixed doubles match of beach volleyball. Beach volleyball-Huntington Beach-California 3.jpg
An unofficial mixed doubles match of beach volleyball.

Mixed-sex sports (also known as coed sports) are individual and team sports whose participants are not of a single sex. In many organised sports settings, rules dictate an equal number of people of each sex in a team (for example teams of one man and one woman). Usually, the main purpose of these rules are to account for physiological sex differences. Mixed-sex sports in informal settings are typically groups of neighbours, friends or family playing without regard to the sex of the participants. Mixed-sex play is also common in youth sports as before puberty and adolescence, sport-relevant sex differences affect performance far less.

Contents

There are multiple dynamics to mixed-sex sports teams. Where sex differences in human physiology do not play a significant role in a person's proficiency in a sport, then men and women may compete in a single open class, as in equestrian sports (see "Direct Competition", below). When sex is a major factor in a competitor's performance, sports will typically split men and women into separate divisions, but there may be mixed-sex team variants, such as mixed doubles. In artistic judged sports, these physical differences play a key role in performances, as demonstrated in pair figure skating and acrobatic gymnastics.

Mixed-sex sport events may be organised to achieve certain social aims, such as boosting female participation in sport, as a form of exercise, or to improve social harmony between the sexes. [1]

Direct competition

It is uncommon in most organised sports to find individuals of different genders competing head-to-head at elite levels, principally due to physiological differences between the (adult) sexes. In sports where these differences are less linked to performance, it is standard practice for men and women to compete in mixed-sex fields. These open-class sports prove accommodating to intersex athletes, who challenge sex-defined rules of both single-sex events and mixed-sex teams with distinct male and female composition.

Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Team dressage, 7 of 9 medalists are women 2012 Olympics - Team Dressage Final.jpg
Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Team dressage, 7 of 9 medalists are women

In equestrian sports, male and female riders compete against each other in eventing, dressage and show jumping disciplines. Female jockeys compete alongside male ones in horse racing, though they constitute a minority of jockeys overall. Beyond the human athletes, male and female horses are found in racing, with a roughly 60/40 split at the top level between colts and fillies. [2]

In snooker, the professional tour is open to men and women, with for instance four female players competing on the main tour in 2023/24 (Reanne Evans, Mink Nutcharut, Rebecca Kenna and Baipat Siripaporn). [3] In addition, the separate women-only tour encourages female participation in the sport. [4]

In hard court bike polo, players, regardless of sex, compete against each other, in teams of 3, in every day play and in tournaments. There is normally no stipulation on sex, but to encourage diversity some tournaments require all teams to included a mixture of sexes or genders.

In croquet, three women have won the British Association Croquet Open Championship: Lily Gower in 1905, Dorothy Steel in 1925, 1933, 1935 and 1936, and Hope Rotherham in 1960. In 2018, two international Golf Croquet championships open to both sexes were won by women: Rachel Gee of England beat Pierre Beaudry to win the European Golf Croquet championship, and Hanan Rashad of Egypt beat Yasser Fathy (also from Egypt) to win the World over-50s championship.

The mixed division is a staple of Ultimate (without being the standard)—it is the only division showcased at both the 2013 and 2017 World Games. Seven-player mixed teams (4 men plus 3 women, or 4 women plus 3 men) directly compete. While most often players mark opponents of the same gender, match-ups between people of different gender are not uncommon to see. Open divisions are common in Ultimate, where sex/gender is not explicitly relevant in team composition—although at highest competitive levels male players predominate these divisions. Accordingly, although women's divisions are also common, men's are not (only appearing in settings without open divisions).

In sport shooting, the physical demands are lower relative to other sports, though fatigue and grip may be different between sexes. Research is conflicting about the influence of sex in the performance of shooters. [5] In 1966 the International Shooting Sport Federation published its open events as mixed. From 1968 to 1980, men and women competed together in Olympic shooting. [6]

In the NCAA, the main governing body of college/university sports in the US, the only sport in which men and women compete against one another directly is rifle shooting. While male and female riders compete against one another in international equestrian sports, NCAA-recognized competition is open only to women, currently as part of the NCAA Emerging Sports for Women program. The NCAA awards a combined men's and women's team championship in two sports—fencing and skiing—but all individual bouts or races involve members of the same sex, and teams field separate men's and women's squads.

The coxswain in a rowing crew can usually be of either sex while the rowers are separated by sex.

In dog sled racing, male and female mushers are in direct competition. About 1/3rd of mushers in the Iditarod are female, and finishers in the top ten are proportionately split by gender. [7]

In most forms of motorsport, men and women are allowed to compete in direct competition. There are some series which are female only in an effort to promote women in motorsport, most notably W Series and Formula Women. However, these series have caught criticism for segregating female drivers as opposed to supporting them in their own campaigns.

Mixed doubles or pairs

A mixed-sex pair, participating in FINA World Championships of synchronised swimming, waves to the crowd before diving into water. Mixed duet free final (33).jpg
A mixed-sex pair, participating in FINA World Championships of synchronised swimming, waves to the crowd before diving into water.
A mixed-sex pair doing Figure skating. Lillehammer 2016 - Figure Skating Pairs Short Program - Justine Brasseur and Mathieu Ostiguy 3.jpg
A mixed-sex pair doing Figure skating.

A common form of mixed-sex event is for pairs of one male and one female.

Sports based on dancing usually have male/female pairings, such as ice dancing, pair figure skating, ballroom dancing and synchronised swimming duets. In these sports/events, the male and female participants physically work together (often to music) to jointly produce an artistic athletic performance. Similarly, taekwondo poomsae, which is performance-based, also has a mixed pair event.

Mixed doubles are events where two mixed-sex pairs directly compete (that is, all four competitors are in open play as two teams). This is particularly found in racket sports (which rarely have larger teams), including tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash and racquetball.

Pairs may also compete in turn-based games: one format (out of many) alternates the woman and man of each pair just as the competing sides alternate, so each round has four turns of individual action. Well-suited to strategy-based sports (such as mixed doubles curling, mixed golf, mixed bowling, mixed team darts) where players can beneficially undertake mental planning or assessment while waiting for their turn. [8] Separate male and female performances may also be scored then added to produce mixed team results in such sports as diving. Synchronised diving is also found in mixed-sex format. In professional wrestling, mixed tag team matches do not explicitly alternate in a turn-based manner but each wrestler only faces their opponent of the same sex (switching occurs at players' discretion). [9] [10] Intergender wrestling between a man and a woman also occurs but is scripted like other professional wrestling.

Mixed relay

In non-vehicular racing sports the physiological differences between the sexes often preclude head-to-head competition between people of different sexes at the elite level. Mixed-sex events are often held though with a relay race format.

In running, a 4 × 400 m mixed relay race was introduced at the 2017 IAAF World Relays, and added to the 2019 World Athletics Championships (details) and 2020 Summer Olympics (details). In addition, a 2 × 2 × 400 m and shuttle hurdles mixed relay races were introduced at the 2019 IAAF World Relays. The Match Europe v USA in 2019 had a mixed 200+200+400+800 m sprint medley relay.

In cross country running, a 4 × 2 km mixed relay race was added at the 2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

In swimming, mixed relay races were introduced at the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) (4 × 50 m freestyle and medley), the 2015 World Aquatics Championships (4 × 100 m freestyle and medley), and the 2020 Summer Olympics (4 × 100 m medley). In open water swimming, mixed-gendered relays were introduced at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships (4 × 1250 m).

In triathlon, the ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championships mixed relay race has been held since 2009. Also, the triathlon at the Youth Olympic Games has a mixed relay race since 2010, and the event was introduced at the 2020 Summer Olympics (details). As in standard triathlons, each triathlon competitor must do a segment of swimming, cycling and running.

In biathlon, a mixed relay race was first held at the Biathlon World Championships 2005 in Khanty-Mansiysk (4 × 6 km), and it was added to the 2014 Winter Olympics (4 × 6 km / 7.5 km).

In road cycling, the 2019 UCI Road World Championships introduced a team time trial mixed relay where first three men and then three women ride together as a national team. [11] Distances vary in road cycling. The 2019 race was 2 × 14 km.

In mountain biking, the UCI Mountain Bike World Championships has a mixed team relay race since 1999.

In Cyclo-cross, the UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships has a mixed team relay race since 2022. The Cyclo-cross mixed relay event is also a mixed age category event where each relay team consists of three men and three women riders where a set amount of riders are from Junior and Under-23 age categories.

Mixed team sports

In adventure racing teams of 4 must include at least 1 member of the opposite sex. Archery also incorporates mixed-team competition (which can also be seen at the Olympic level).

In a number of countries, club underwater hockey is mixed-sex with any ratio of sex allowed. However, national teams usually compete in single sex teams.

Mixed team ball sports

Mixed-sex forms of ball sports involve set numbers of each sex per team, sometimes defining the roles in the team by sex/gender (examples include korfball, Baseball5, coed softball, quadball, dodgeball, touch/tag rugby, American flag rugby,Flag football, wheelchair handball, and wheelchair rugby, wheelchair rugby league, and Netball).

Olympics

Ancient

Sports were almost never mixed in any way in ancient Greece. [12] Women were forbidden from competing in or even viewing the ancient Olympic games. [note 1] They competed at the separate Heraean games, from which men were excluded. [15] Although taking place in the same stadium as the Olympic games and also every four years, it was an unrelated festival (of Hera) with fewer sport events, none of which exactly matched Olympic counterparts. Olympic winners were honoured in the Sanctuary of Zeus; Heraean winners at the Temple of Hera (where since 1936 the modern movement has lit and kept the Olympic Flame). [16]

Modern

Andy Murray and Laura Robson competing in the tennis mixed doubles event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Andy Murray and Laura Robson -Wimbledon, London 2012 Olympics-3Aug2012-c.jpg
Andy Murray and Laura Robson competing in the tennis mixed doubles event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Mixed-sex sport has a long history at the modern Olympic Games, dating back to the 1900 Summer Olympics (the first in which women participated). Two women competed against men in equestrian events, [17] the croquet competition was mixed-sex, [18] and Hélène de Pourtalès was the sole female sailor, achieving the Olympics' first mixed-sex team champion as part of the gold medal-winning Swiss team. [19] The sole time Olympic motorboating was held (1908), Sophia Gorham took part in a mixed British team. [20]

Mixed doubles tennis was first contested in 1900 but fell off the programme after 1924 before being reintroduced in 2012. [21] Mixed doubles badminton was introduced in 1996. [22]

Pair figure skating was present at the summer games in 1908 and 1920 before continuing as a founding event at the first Winter Olympic Games. [23] Ice dancing expanded the mixed figure skating programme in 1976. [24]

Sailing at the Summer Olympics was mostly mixed-sex up to 1988 but grew increasingly divided, with no mixed sailing events being held in 2012. [25]

Shooting at the Summer Olympics continued on a mixed basis in several events from 1968 to 1992, before competitors were restricted by sex. [26] In 1992, Zhang Shan became the first woman to win the gold medal in Olympic shooting. At the next Olympic games in 1993, women were banned from Olympic shooting. [27] In 2000, women were once again allowed to compete in Olympic shooting, but segregated from the men's competition.

There was an increased focus on mixed-sex competition at the start of the 21st century, with new introductions including mixed biathlon relay, team figure skating, and luge mixed team relay in 2014, then Nacra 17 in 2016, and mixed doubles curling and mixed team alpine skiing in 2018. Mixed team shooting events and table tennis mixed doubles are set for inauguration at the 2020 Summer Olympics. [28] [29] Mixed-sex relay events are also slated for the 2020 athletics and swimming programmes. These changes resulted from an International Olympic Committee initiative to increase women's participation towards parity with men's – the recasting of men's events as mixed-sex ones was a part of this initiative. [30] Ski jumping competitions also include mixed team events.

Baseball5 will be played at the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics, and will be the first Olympic team sport involving mixed-sex teams. [31]

Transgender inclusion

In the 2020s, in response to transgender controversies in sports, several international and national sports federations prohibited transgender athletes from competing in the female category and (sometimes) created a separate "open" category to allow for transgender, non-binary or cisgender male athletes to participate, including the British Triathlon Federation, [32] International Swimming Federation (FINA) [33] and British Cycling. [34] This has created de facto mixed-sex sports competitions.

Such open categories have been criticized by transgender athletes and LGBT rights activists as transphobic. In addition, few athletes have signed up for open-category competitions, such as that for the 2023 World Aquatics Swimming World Cup. [35]

Women playing in men's sports

Several women have been selected by or played on otherwise men-only teams, including:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Penalty was being thrown from the cliffs of Mount Typaion. [13] [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Relay race</span> Team sport in athletics, swimming, etc

A relay race is a racing competition where members of a team take turns completing parts of racecourse or performing a certain action. Relay races take the form of professional races and amateur games. Relay races are common in running, orienteering, swimming, cross-country skiing, biathlon, or ice skating. In the Olympic Games, there are several types of relay races that are part of track and field, each consisting of a set number of stages (legs), each leg run by different members of a team. The runner finishing one leg is usually required to pass the next runner a stick-like object known as a "baton" while both are running in a marked exchange zone. In most relays, team members cover equal distances: Olympic events for both men and women are the 400-metre and 1,600-metre relays. Some non-Olympic relays are held at distances of 800 m, 3,200 m, and 6,000 m. In the less frequently run medley relays, however, the athletes cover different distances in a prescribed order—as in a sprint medley of 200, 200, 400, 800 metres or a distance medley of 1,200, 400, 800, 1,600 metres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Triathlon</span> International triathlon governing body

World Triathlon, previously known as the International Triathlon Union (ITU), is the international governing body for the multi-sport disciplines of triathlon, duathlon, aquathlon and other nonstandard variations. It is recognised as the international federation for the sport of triathlon and its derivatives by the International Olympic Committee, and it organises Olympic triathlon events on behalf of the IOC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Ireland</span>

Sport in Ireland plays an important role in Irish society. The many sports played and followed in Ireland include Gaelic games, association football, horse racing, show jumping, greyhound racing, basketball, fishing, motorsport, boxing, tennis, hockey, golf, rowing, cricket, and rugby union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed doubles</span> Physical sport where both sexes are included

Mixed doubles or mixed pairs is a form of mixed-sex sports that consists of teams of one man and one woman. This variation of competition is prominent in curling and racket sports, such as tennis, table tennis, and badminton, as well as gymnastics, figure skating, and card games such as contract bridge.

Netball has never been played at the Summer Olympics, but its federation World Netball has been recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), since 1995 after a twenty-year period of lobbying. The netball community sees netball's absence at the Olympic Games as a hindrance to the global growth of the game, depriving it of media attention and funding. The IOC requires a high geographical scope for inclusion in the Olympics, but netball is mostly played in Commonwealth countries. When the IOC recognized netball's federation, it opened up sources of funds that the global netball community had not been able to access before, including the (IOC), national Olympic committees and sports organisations, and state and federal governments.

The World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships, is an annual team triathlon competition organized by World Triathlon. The competition is completed in teams of four, two men and two women, with each member doing a super-sprint distance triathlon.

The World Triathlon Championship Series is an annual series of triathlon events organised by World Triathlon. The series is used to crown an annual world champion since 2008. Previously, the ITU world champion between 1989 and 2008 had been decided in a single annual championship race.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Switzerland at the 2016 Summer Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Switzerland competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Swiss athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for a partial boycott of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The Swiss team consisted of 104 athletes, 59 men and 45 women, across seventeen sports.

The participation of transgender people in competitive sports, a traditionally sex-segregated institution, is a controversial issue, particularly the inclusion of transgender women and girls in women's sports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Canada competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from February 9 to 25, 2018. It was the nation's 23rd appearance at the Winter Olympics, having competed at every Games since their inception in 1924. Canada competed in all sports disciplines, except Nordic combined. The chef de mission was Isabelle Charest, who was appointed in February 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Participation of women in the Olympics</span> Gender parity in Sports

The rate of participation of women in the Olympic Games has been increasing since their first participation in 1900. Some sports are uniquely for women, others are contested by both sexes, while some older sports remain for men only. Studies of media coverage of the Olympics consistently show differences in the ways in which women and men are described and the ways in which their performances are discussed. The representation of women on the International Olympic Committee has historically run well behind the rate of female participation, and long missed its target of a 20% minimum presence of women on their committee. As of 2023, 41.1% of members are women. The 2024 Paris Olympics were notable for being the first to have the goal of achieving gender parity between men and women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China at the 2018 Winter Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

China competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018. China competed in 12 sports, participating in bobsleigh, skeleton, and ski jumping for the first time. China won 9 medals in total.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spain at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Spain competed at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics, in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 to 18 October 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Great Britain, or in full Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the team of the British Olympic Association (BOA), which represents the United Kingdom, competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the Games were postponed to 23 July to 8 August 2021, because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics</span> Germany at the Games of the XXXII Olympiad in Tokyo

Germany competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the Games were postponed to 23 July to 8 August 2021, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the nation's eighth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympic Games after its reunification in 1990.

The curling competitions of the 2022 Winter Olympics were held at the Beijing National Aquatics Centre, one of the Olympic Green venues. Curling competitions were scheduled for every day of the games, from February 2 to February 20. This was the eighth time that curling was part of the Olympic program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Russian athletes competed at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China, from 4 to 20 February 2022, under the "Russian Olympic Committee" designation due to the consequences of the doping scandal in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czech Republic at the 2022 Winter Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

The Czech Republic competed at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China, from 4 to 20 February 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italy at the 2022 Winter Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Italy competed at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China, from 4 to 20 February 2022. With Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo being the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics, an Italian segment was performed at the closing ceremony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ukraine at the 2023 European Games</span> Sporting event delegation

Ukraine competed at the 2023 European Games, in Kraków and Małopolska, Poland, from 21 June to 2 July 2023. Ukraine entered 269 athletes in 27 sports. Ukrainian athletes did not qualify to compete in beach handball, padel and rugby sevens.

References

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  2. ↑ MacKenzie, Sheen (2013-06-28). Racing's battle of the sexes -- on four legs. CCN. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  3. ↑ "Players On The Main Tour". www.snooker.org. Hermund Årdalen.
  4. ↑ "About WWS". www.womenssnooker.com. World Women's Snooker.
  5. ↑ Mon-López, Daniel; Tejero-González, Carlos M.; Calero, Santiago (13 May 2019). "Recent changes in women's Olympic shooting and effects in performance". PLOS ONE. 14 (5): e0216390. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1416390M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216390 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6513084 . PMID   31083662.
  6. ↑ "The ISSF History". www.issf-sports.org. ISSF.
  7. ↑ "Meet the Women of the Iditarod". Outside Online.
  8. ↑ Storm Open Festival of Bowling featuring the National Mixed Tournament. National Mixed. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  9. ↑ Schwartz, Nick (2017-12-13). WWE is launching a mixed tag team tournament that will air on Facebook. USA Today. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  10. ↑ 7 Times WWE Had Mixed Gender Tag Matches at WrestleMania. What Culture. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  11. ↑ "Team Time Trial Mixed Relay". Yorkshire 2019 UCI Road World Championships. Archived from the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
  12. ↑ Judith Swaddling (2011-02-17), "Women at the Heraia" (Multi-media gallery), Ancient Greek Olympics Gallery (History), retrieved 2019-06-12
  13. ↑ "A whiff of TROUBLE? | Jacksonville.com".
  14. ↑ Young, Lauren (2016-08-10). "When Ancient Greece Banned Women From Olympics, They Started Their Own". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  15. ↑ Spears, Betty (Summer 1984), "A Perspective of the History of Women's Sport in Ancient Greece" (PDF), Journal of Sport History (Official publication of the North American Society for Sport History.), vol. 11, no. 2, University of Illinois Press, pp. 32–47, ISSN   0094-1700, S2CID   30379765, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-20, retrieved 2019-06-12.
  16. ↑ Pausanias, Olympia: Passages from Pausanias (William Murray Class Website), 5.15.1–6, archived from the original on November 9, 2005, retrieved 2019-06-12
  17. ↑ Equestrianism at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Mixed Hacks And Hunter Combined. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  18. ↑ Croquet at the 1900 Paris Summer Games. Sports Reference Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  19. ↑ Hélène de Pourtalès. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  20. ↑ Sophia Gorham. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  21. ↑ Tennis Mixed Doubles Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  22. ↑ Mixed Doubles Badminton. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  23. ↑ Figure Skating Mixed Pairs Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  24. ↑ Figure Skating at the Olympics. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  25. ↑ Sailing. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  26. ↑ Shooting. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  27. ↑ "ZHANG Shan: The only female shooter to win gold in a mixed competition". International Olympic Committee. July 5, 2020. Retrieved 2024-07-30.
  28. ↑ Table Tennis Mixed Doubles Added to Tokyo 2020. ITTF (2017-06-09). Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  29. ↑ ISSF approves mixed gender shooting events for 2020 Tokyo Olympics First Post (2017-02-24). Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  30. ↑ Olympics Shift: IOC Doubles Number Of Mixed-Gender Events, Adds 5 Sports. NPR (2017-06-09). Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  31. ↑ "Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026". World Baseball Softball Confederation. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  32. ↑ Baska, Maggie (6 July 2022). "British Triathlon bans trans athletes from women's competitions and announces 'open' category".
  33. ↑ "Transgender swimmers barred from women's events". Al Jazeera . 2022-06-19. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  34. ↑ "British Cycling to ban trans women from female events". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  35. ↑ "Update on the Open Category competitions at the World Aquatics Swimming World Cup – Berlin 2023". World Aquatics. 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  36. 1 2 The women who changed the rules by playing in men's teams
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A League Of Their Own: Meet The Female Athletes Competing Head-To-Head With Men
  38. 1 2 Why are elite female footballers barred from playing with men?
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