2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes

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2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes
Oceania laea relief location map.jpg
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time2021-03-04 17:41:25
 2021-03-04 19:28:31
ISC  event 619918421
  620360228
USGS-ANSS ComCat
  ComCat
Local dateMarch 5, 2021 (2021-03-05)
Local time06:41:25 NZDT
 08:28:31 NZDT
Magnitude7.4 Mw [1]
 8.1 Mw [2]
Depth43.0 km (27 mi)
 28.9 km (18 mi)
Epicentre 29°44′06″S177°16′55″W / 29.735°S 177.282°W / -29.735; -177.282
Fault Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone
Type Megathrust
Areas affectedNew Zealand; Pacific islands
Total damageLimited
Max. intensity MMI VIII (Severe)
Peak acceleration0.75 g [3]
TsunamiUp to 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in Raoul Island. [4] [5]
CasualtiesSeveral injured [4] [ better source needed ]

The 2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes were a series of earthquakes with magnitudes of 8.1 and 7.4 that occurred at 19:28:31 UTC on 4 March 2021. The epicentres were located southeast of Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands, part of the New Zealand outlying islands. [6] The main magnitude 8.1 earthquake was preceded by a magnitude 7.4 foreshock [7] and followed by a magnitude 6.1 aftershock. [8] A separate, unrelated magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurred off the coast of the North Island of New Zealand, approximately 900 km to the south, several hours before the main quakes. [9] More than a dozen aftershocks exceeded magnitude 6. [10]

Contents

Tectonic setting

The Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone runs east of the Kermadec Islands and marks the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. This convergent boundary is where the denser Pacific plate subducts or dives beneath the less dense Australian plate. [11]

Earthquakes

The main magnitude 8.1 megathrust earthquake occurred at 08:28:31 NZDT on 5 March 2021 (19:28:31 UTC, 4 March) along the subduction zone due to reverse faulting. The USGS estimated that the rupture zone was 175 by 75 km (109 by 47 mi) in area. [6] The main shock was preceded by a magnitude 7.4 foreshock less than two hours prior, at 06:41:25 NZDT (17:41:25 UTC). [7]

Other events

About 6 hours before the main quake, at 02:27:36 NZDT on 5 March (13:27:36 UTC, 4 March) a magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck 100 km (60 mi) off East Cape in the North Island. [12] This earthquake was felt largely across the country, and woke many people up, but no damage was caused. [13] [9] This earthquake was considered an independent event. [6] [14] A tsunami flooding warning was issued due to this quake, which was rescinded before the other quakes hit. [15]

On 28 July 2021, nearly 5 months after the Kermadec Islands mainshock, an 8.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Alaska Peninsula, [16] and another 8.1 magnitude earthquake struck the Sub-Antarctic British territory of the South Sandwich Islands on 12 August of that year. [17] This is unusual since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or higher occur only about once every year on average. [18] There is no evidence of a causal relationship between the three events. 2021 has had the most 8.0+ earthquakes in a single year since 2007. [19]

Aftershocks

As of 27 January 2023, there have been at least 2,847 aftershocks above 4.0 magnitude, [20] and 13 of them above magnitude 6. [10] A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck close to Raoul Island on 24 April 2023, over two years after the mainshock. [21] It is currently the largest aftershock of the sequence.

Impact

According to GeoNet, the mainshock caused more than 300 landslides on steep forest cliffs and rugged coastal cliffs on Raoul Island. The largest slide was at Pills Beach, where about 400 metres of coastal cliffs collapsed, leaving a column of sediment in the ocean. [22]

A few buildings were damaged in Raoul Island. [6] However, there were no casualties as the island was uninhabited at the time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [23]

Tsunami

The main quake led to tsunami warnings being issued around the Pacific, as far away as Peru, but particularly for the North Island of New Zealand. [24] Thousands of New Zealanders evacuated to higher ground. [25] NEMA said the first waves were due to reach New Zealand at around 9:49 am local time, with flooding expected along areas of the East and West Coasts of the North Island, and issued an evacuation order for areas of Northland, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, and Great Barrier Island. [26] The tsunami land threat was dropped at 1:27 pm NZDT to a "Beach and Marine threat." [27]

While the tsunami heights were initially predicted to be 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) high, [28] tsunami heights measured by GeoNet ended up being around 0.35–0.40 m (1.1–1.3 ft) at East Cape and around 0.15–0.20 m (0.49–0.66 ft) at Great Barrier Island; [29] 0.64 m (2.1 ft) waves were reported in Norfolk Island. [25] The tsunami heights at Raoul Island from the main earthquake are estimated to have reached 2.4 m (7.9 ft), [4] [5] however, exact heights at the island from the main earthquake were not able to be measured because the earthquake destroyed the island's monitoring equipment. [30] In Port-Vila, Vanuatu, a few boats were damaged and several people were injured. [4] [ better source needed ]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "Technical Summary". 5 March 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  2. ↑ "Technical Summary". 5 March 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  3. ↑ "Numerous landslides reported on Raoul Island after strong earthquakes". geoengineer.org.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "New Zealand and Pacific island countries – Earthquake". ReliefWeb. 5 March 2021.
  5. 1 2 "M 8.1 Earthquake and Tsunami in Kermadec Islands, New Zealand on 04 Mar 2021 19:28 UTC". GDACS.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "M 8.1 – Kermadec Islands region". USGS-ANSS. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  7. 1 2 "M 7.4 – Kermadec Islands, New Zealand". USGS-ANSS. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  8. ↑ "M 6.1 – Kermadec Islands region". USGS-ANSS. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  9. 1 2 "GeoNet News: A morning of large offshore earthquakes – what happened and future scenarios". GeoNet . Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  10. 1 2 "USGS earthquake Catalog". United States Geological Survey.
  11. ↑ M. J. Funnell, C. Peirce, W. R. Stratford, M. Paulatto, A. B. Watts, I. Grevemeyer (2014). "Structure and deformation of the Kermadec forearc in response to subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate". Geophysical Journal International. 199 (2): 1286–1302. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu330 . Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ "M 7.3 – 174 km NE of Gisborne, New Zealand". United States Geological Survey. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  13. ↑ "Magnitude 7.3, Fri Mar 5 2021 2:27 AM". GeoNet. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  14. ↑ "Earthquake near New Zealand with Pacific tsunami threat". The Washington Post. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021. A magnitude 7.3 hit near New Zealand early on Thursday, [...] occurred far enough apart that they likely were not related.
  15. ↑ "Earthquake cluster and tsunami alert: what you need to know". Stuff. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  16. ↑ "M 8.2 – 91 km ESE of Perryville, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. 29 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  17. ↑ "M 8.1 – South Sandwich Islands region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  18. ↑ "How Often Do Earthquakes Occur?". IRIS Consortium . Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  19. ↑ "Significant Earthquakes – 2007". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  20. ↑ "USGS earthquake catalog". United States Geological Survey.
  21. ↑ "M 7.1 – Kermadec Islands, New Zealand". United States Geological Survey. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  22. ↑ "Earthquake has caused more than 300 landslides on Raoul Island". exbulletin.com. 26 March 2021.
  23. ↑ "No one on Kermadec Islands during earthquakes and tsunami warning". Stuff. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  24. ↑ "Live: 'Try and stay calm' says emergency management minister, tsunami waves expected for 'several hours' after earthquake". Stuff. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  25. 1 2 Pearson, Nick (5 March 2021). "Tsunami threat passes in New Zealand, as evacuees allowed to return". 9 News. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  26. ↑ "Major 8.1 quake at Kermadecs, people told to move to higher ground". Radio New Zealand. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  27. ↑ "National Emergency Management Agency on Twitter" – via Twitter.
  28. ↑ "Earthquake swarm: North Island tsunami warning lifted after 8.1 shake, evacuees return home". The New Zealand Herald. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  29. ↑ "GeoNet News". GeoNet . Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  30. ↑ "Kermadec Islands: Data on second quake lost due to monitoring equipment damage". RNZ. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
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