The 2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the peak from May to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
A Depression formed in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Konkan, named ARB 01. It made a landfall on India soon after, bringing heavy rain to the region after degrading into a tropical low. It peaked with 30mph 3-min winds and a minimum barometric pressure of 997 hPa (mbar). On May 29, Depression BOB 01 formed near West Bengal. It strengthened into a Deep Depression three hours later on the IMD scale. It made landfall on the border of West Bengal and Bangladesh 6 hours later at its peak of 35mph 3-min winds and a minimum barometric pressure of 988 hPa (mbar). It weakened and dissipated over Bangladesh over the next 36 hours, bringing heavy rain to the region. 65 people died from the resulting landslides and flooding.
After a lull in activity, Depression BOB 02 formed over West Bengal on July 14 from a well-marked low that moved inland a day prior. The next day, another depression was designated LAND 01. It quickly dissipated after forming over Northwestern India. BOB 02 dissipated but soon regenerated, causing it to be assigned a new name, LAND 03, despite there being no recorded evidence of a LAND 02. Soon after it dissipated for good, a new Depression emerged in the extreme northern Bay of Bengal, designated as BOB 04, but, similar to BOB 02/LAND 03, there was no evidence of a BOB 03. It moved inland and soon dissipated, but brought extreme rain and flooding to the affected areas.
On 21 May, a tropical disturbance designated as Invest 93A formed in the Arabian Sea near the west coast of India, approximately 165 nautical miles (306km) south-southwest of Mumbai. Favorable environmental conditions including warm sea surface temperatures and moderate wind shear allowed the system to gradually consolidate. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted its intensification into a cyclonic storm within 2 to 3 days, prompting orange and yellow weather warnings along the Konkan and Gujarat coasts, as well as widespread rainfall alerts across Kerala. This system marked the onset of tropical cyclone activity in the North Indian Ocean basin for the 2025 season.[2]
Under the influence of the tropical disturbance, a low pressure area formed over the eastern Arabian Sea off the southern Konkan-Goa coasts by 05:30 IST on 22 May.[3] By 05:30 IST on 23 May, it became a well marked low pressure area off the southern Konkan coast and persisted over the same region as of 08:30 IST.[4] The system organised into a depression by 05:30 IST on 24 May about 40 km northwest of Ratnagiri.[5] Over the next 6 hours, the depression moved slowly eastward at a speed of 5 km/h and between 11:30 and 12:30 IST it made landfall, crossing the south Konkan coast near Ratnagiri. The maximum sustained windspeed at the time was 25 knots (46km/h) gusting to 35 knots (65km/h).[6] The system then moved eastwards inland and[7] by 05:30 IST on 25 May, the system had weakened back into a well marked low pressure area over southern Madhya Maharastra and the adjoining regions of Marathwada and Karnataka.[8]
A low pressure area formed over northwest Bay of Bengal off the coast of Odisha at 08:30 IST on 27 May.[9] Favorable environmental conditions including warm sea surface temperatures, moderate vertical wind shear over the system and the presence of warm air over Gangetic West Bengal and Bangladesh allowed it to gradually consolidate. However, the strong wind shear in the region due to the advancing southwest monsoon and insufficient time over sea before landfall limited its intensification. It became well marked at 05:30 IST on 28 May and persisted over the same region.[10] By 05:30 IST on 29 May, the system coalesced into a depression near the coasts of West Bengal and Bangladesh.[11] Thereafter, the depression moved nearly northwards and by 08:30 IST on the same day, it intensified into a deep depression.[12] Over the next 6 hours, the system continued to move nearly northwards and made landfall on the West Bengal–Bangladesh coast between Sagar Island and Khepupara, close to Raidighi. Its maximum sustained windspeed at the time was 30 knots (56km/h) gusting to 40 knots (74km/h).[13] It then tracked north-northeastward inland,[14] and by 05:30 IST on 30 May the system had weakened back into a depression over Bangladesh.[15] By 17:30 IST on the same day, it had degenerated into a well marked low over Meghalaya due to interaction with rugged terrain.[16]
As a result of the system, Noakhali received 168mm (6.6in)[17] and Dhaka88mm (3.5in) of rainfall on 29 May.[18] The same day, Kolkata received light to moderate rainfall with Jinjirabazar receiving 23mm (0.91in) of rainfall in a timespan from noon to 20:00 IST. [19] It caused floods and landslides which killed 61, left 10 missing and affected 6.1 million people in India, with 27 deaths in Assam,[20] 12 in Arunachal Pradesh, 6 each in Meghalaya and Mizoram, 4 in Manipur, 3 in Sikkim, 2 in Tripura and 1 in Nagaland.[21] Four additional deaths occurred in Bangladesh, including 2 in Dhaka and 1 in Moheshkhali, while 8 others went missing when a trawler sank near Kutubdia. In Moheshkhali and Kutubdia, over 100 homes and farmland were flooded.[22] Another person was killed by a collapsing wall, 11 were injured by lightning strikes, over 1,400 homes were damaged and 53 landslides were observed across 33 Rohingyarefugee camps.[23] The system brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to Myanmar as well. As a result, 26 homes were destroyed and 22 others were damaged in Yegyi and Dedaye Townships.[24]
Depression BOB 02/LAND 03
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Depression(IMD)
Duration
14 July– 20 July
Peak intensity
45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On 14 July, a circulation previously marked as a well-defined low consolidated into a depression while over West Bengal, near Bangladesh, at 06:00 UTC, according to the IMD.[25] It weakened to a well-defined low on 16 July.[citation needed] It re-intensified to a depression on the next day.[26]
Depression LAND 01
Depression(IMD)
Duration
15 July– 16 July
Peak intensity
35km/h (25mph) (3-min);
On 13 July, an upper air cyclonic circulation developed over parts of north Madhya. The IMD forecasted a low-pressure area to form under its influence over northwest Madhya during the next 24 hours.
Sometime during the late hours of 13 July or the early hours of 14 July, the forecasted low-pressure area formed over northwest Madhya, the active monsoon trough contributing to its rapid development.[27]
On 15 July, the low pressure area became well-marked as of 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC) over parts of north Rajasthan and concentrated into a depression.[28] The IMD forecasted the newly-formed depression to move west-northwestwards during the next 24 hours across parts of north Rajasthan. On 16 July, the depression weakened into a well-marked low over northwest Rajasthan at 05:30 IST (00:00 UTC) due to loss of moisture and topographical interaction.[29]
The IMD issued red alerts across Rajasthan due to heavy forecasted rain. Isolated extremely heavy rainfall (over 21 cm) was forecasted by the IMD in southwest Rajasthan and north Gujarat. The highest rainfall recorded as a result of the depression was 234 mm in Nainwa of the Bundi district.[30] 10 casualties were reported.[31] The depression contributed to widespread flooding and financial losses. Many villages were cut off as rivers, drains, and dams overflowed.[32] 17 people became stranded in the Banas River of Tonk, but were fortunately rescued by authorities.[32] Flash floods across cities like Kota and Jaipur affected Rajasthan's economy, damaging roads and submerging farmlands.[33]
Depression BOB 04
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The remnants of Wipha continued developing over the North Indian Ocean on 23 July. On 25 July, the low pressure area over Northwestern part of the Bay of Bengal concentrated into a depression by the IMD at 05:30 IST (00:00 UTC).
As a result of the depression, Pagladanga in Kolkata recorded 186mm (7.3in) in a 15 hour period from 24 July to 25 July, while Alipore recorded 120mm (4.7in) in a 24 hour period.[34] Gusts of 50km/h (31mph; 27kn) were also reported from the city.[34] Many parts of the city were waterlogged.[34]
On 17 August, a low pressure area formed over the northwestern Bay of Bengal off the coasts of north Andhra and south Odisha under the influence of an upper air cyclonic circulation located over the same area as of 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC) according to the IMD.[35]
The IMD began to track the system as it developed further, forecasting the low pressure area to concentrate into a depression.[35] On 18 August, the low pressure area became well-marked as of 05:30 IST (00:00 UTC), persisting over the same regions.[36] It concentrated into a depression as of 17:30 IST (12:00 UTC).[37]
The IMD forecasted the newly-formed depression to move northwestwards and make landfall along south Odisha and north Andhra coasts around 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC) on 19 August. This prompted the IMD to issue orange and yellow rainfall alerts to districts across Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.[37] After it moved inland, it degenerated into a well marked low the next day.[38]
Deep Depression LAND 04
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On 6 September, a low pressure area associated with the remnants of Nongfa from the Western Pacific basin consolidated into a depression over southwestern Rajasthan state in India. The following day, the system strengthened into a deep depression.[citation needed]
Depression BOB 06
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On 30 September, an upper air cyclonic circulation formed over the east-central Bay of Bengal at 1430 IST. Under its influence, a low pressure area formed over the west-central Bay of Bengal at 1730 IST. The next day, 1 October, at 05:30 IST, it became well marked over the same region.[39] By 11:30 IST, it had concentrated into a depression, moving north-northwestwards about 400km (250mi) east-southeast of Vishakhapatnam.[40] The system moved in the same direction at a speed of 10km/h (6.2mph) and intesified into a deep depression by 23:30 IST, and was about 300km (190mi) east-southeast of Vishakhapatnam.[41] BOB 07 triggered flooding and landslides, killing 61 in Nepal, 48 in West Bengal, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh, India, and another in Wangdue Phodrang, Bhutan, with many more missing, including two in Bhutan.[42][43][44][45][46][47] At least 24 of the deaths in West Bengal occurred in the Darjeeling hills area.[48][49] BOB 07 produced a rare blizzard that impacted Nepal and caused the death of a climber on Mera Peak.[50]
Severe Cyclonic Storm Shakhti
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Cyclone Shakhti originated from a well-marked area of low pressure, associated with the remnants of BOB 06, at the north-east Arabian Sea on 30 September 2025. By 1 October, the system developed into a depression due to favourable conditions such as the mid-level wind shear being low to moderate (5-10 knots) and warm sea surface temperatures (28-29°C). These suitable conditions remained, causing the system to intensify into a deep depression at 23:30 IST on the 2nd of October and to intensify into a Cyclonic Storm named Shakhti at 3rd October 11:30 IST. Shakhti moved west-southwestward due to prevailing east-northeasterlies in the middle-upper tropospheric levels, with cyclone-force winds. On 7 October 2025, Shakhti dissipated off the coast of Oman. The remnants persisted for a time, sporadically generating convective bursts throughout the next few days.
Storm names
Within this basin, a tropical cyclone is assigned a name when it is judged to have reached cyclonic storm intensity with winds of 65km/h (40mph). The names were selected by a new list from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in New Delhi by mid year of 2020.[51] There is no retirement of tropical cyclone names in this basin as the list of names is only scheduled to be used once before a new list of names is drawn up. Should a named tropical cyclone move into the basin from the Western Pacific, then it will retain its original name. The next eight available names from the List of North Indian Ocean storm names are below.[52]
Shakhti
Montha(unused)
Senyar(unused)
Ditwah(unused)
Arnab(unused)
Murasu(unused)
Akvan(unused)
Kaani(unused)
Season effects
This is a table of all storms in the 2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities according to the IMD storm scale, damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low. All of the damage figures are in 2025 USD.
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