Nigel Cross

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Nigel Cross (born 1942) is a British academic, a design researcher and educator, Emeritus Professor of Design Studies at The Open University, [1] United Kingdom, where he was responsible for developing the first distance-learning courses in design in the early 1970s. [2] He was an editor of the journal Design Studies from its inception in 1979, Editor in Chief 1984-2017 and Emeritus Editor in Chief 2018-23. Cross helped clarify and develop the concept of design thinking (or "designerly ways of knowing") related to the development of design as an academic discipline. [3] [4] He is one of the key people of the Design Research Society.

Contents

Education

Nigel Cross studied architecture at the University of Bath 1961-1966. He then took a MSc course in Industrial Design Technology, run by the leading design methodologist John Christopher Jones, at the University of Manchester Institute of Science of Technology (1967). [5] In 1974 he also completed a PhD at UMIST in computer aided design.

Research

Nigel Cross began his design research in the 1960s with studies of "simulated" computer-aided design systems where the purported simulator was actually a human operator, using text and graphical communication via CCTV. Cross later referred to this as a kind of Reverse Turing test; [6] in interaction design this kind of study later became known as a Wizard of Oz experiment. He also applied early forms of protocol analysis to these experiments. His PhD on ‘Human and Machine Roles in Computer Aided Design’ was expanded into the book The Automated Architect (1977), which was critical of some of the computer-aided architectural design work of that time. In 1971, Cross co-organised the first major conference of the Design Research Society (DRS), on Design Participation. He continued to play significant roles in DRS, and was its President from 2006-2017.

Early interests in design methods led to an edited book of foundational papers, Developments in Design Methodology (1984) and a textbook of Engineering Design Methods (1989, now in a 5th edition).

Subsequently his research interests turned more to design cognition or design thinking. In 1991 Cross established, with colleagues at Delft University of Technology, the international series of Design Thinking Research Symposia (DTRS). [7] The second DTRS meeting at Delft (1994) laid the foundations for much subsequent work on protocol and other studies of design activity. [8]

Writings

In 1982 Cross published a journal article 'Designerly Ways of Knowing', [9] drawing on design research to show Design as having its own intellectual and practical culture as a basis for education, and contrasting it with cultures of Science and Arts & Humanities. This was a clarification of the idea that "There are things to know, ways of knowing them and ways of finding out about them that are specific to the design area". The paper established the concept of design as a discipline, now widely adopted in modern design theory, education and practice. [10] [11]

In subsequent papers, Cross continued to identify and clarify the cognitive and practical skills underlying design thinking, [12] [13] and the nature of expertise in design. [14] [15]

With Kees Dorst, Cross advanced the concept of 'co-evolution' in design, [16] observing how designers progress a project by developing the problem space and solution space in parallel, with activities in each 'space' cross-fertilising the other. Understanding "how designers think and work" has been a significant theme in his writings, culminating in the book Design Thinking (2011, now in a 2nd edition).

Books

Awards

Related Research Articles

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Educational research refers to the systematic collection and analysis of evidence and data related to the field of education. Research may involve a variety of methods and various aspects of education including student learning, interaction, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics.

Design research was originally constituted as primarily concerned with ways of supporting and improving the process of design, developing from work in design methods. The concept has been expanded to include research embedded within the process of design and research-based design practice, research into the cognitive and communal processes of designing, and extending into wider aspects of socio-political, ethical and environmental contexts of design. It retains a sense of generality, recognising design as a creative act common to many fields, and aimed at understanding design processes and practices quite broadly.

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Design methods are procedures, techniques, aids, or tools for designing. They offer a number of different kinds of activities that a designer might use within an overall design process. Conventional procedures of design, such as drawing, can be regarded as design methods, but since the 1950s new procedures have been developed that are more usually grouped together under the name of "design methods". What design methods have in common is that they "are attempts to make public the hitherto private thinking of designers; to externalise the design process".

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John Christopher Jones, known professionally as John Chris Jones, was a Welsh design researcher and theorist. He was born in Aberystwyth, Wales, studied engineering at the University of Cambridge, went on to work for AEI in Manchester, England. He became the first Professor of Design at the Open University in 1970. His book Design Methods: Seeds of Human Futures is considered a major text in design methods.

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Design thinking refers to the set of cognitive, strategic and practical procedures used by designers in the process of designing, and to the body of knowledge that has been developed about how people reason when engaging with design problems.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Tzonis</span> Greek-born architect, author, and researcher

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Dietz</span> Dutch computer scientist

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rivka Oxman</span> Israeli architect

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References

  1. ↑ [See official university website at: http://www9.open.ac.uk/mct-ei/people/nigel.cross and Archived 2018-10-07 at the Wayback Machine ]
  2. ↑ Cross, N. and Holden, G. 'Design Education in the Open', Open Arts Journal, 9, pp. 149-161, 2020. https://openartsjournal.org/issue-9/article-10/
  3. ↑ Cross, N. (2006) Designerly Ways of Knowing, Springer, London. ISBN   978-1-84628-300-0
  4. ↑ Cross, N. 'Developing design as a discipline', Journal of Engineering Design, Vol. 29, pp. 691-708, 2018. ISSN 0954-4828
  5. ↑ Cross, N. (2018) ‘Developing Design as a Discipline’, Journal of Engineering Design, 29, pp. 691-708.
  6. ↑ Cross, Nigel (2001). "Can a Machine Design?" (PDF). Design Issues. 17 (4): 44–50. doi:10.1162/07479360152681083. JSTOR   1511919. S2CID   57562395.
  7. ↑ Cross, N. 'A brief history of the Design Thinking Research Symposia series', Design Studies, Vol. 57, pp. 160-164, 2018. ISSN 0142-694X
  8. ↑ Cross, Nigel; Christiaans, Henry; Dorst, Kees, eds. (1996). Analysing Design Activity. Wiley. ISBN   978-0-471-96060-7.
  9. ↑ Cross, Nigel (1982). "Designerly ways of knowing" (PDF). Design Studies. 3 (4): 221–7. doi:10.1016/0142-694X(82)90040-0.
  10. ↑ Rodgers, P. A. and Brember, C. (2016) 'The Concept of the Design Discipline'. Dialectic. 1(1) 19-38. https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/dialectic.14932326.0001/104
  11. ↑ Christensen, B. & Ball, L. (2019) 'Building a discipline: Indicators of expansion, integration and consolidation in design research across four decades'. Design Studies. 65, 18-34.
  12. ↑ Cross, Nigel (1999) 'Natural intelligence in design'. Design Studies, 20 (1), 25-39.
  13. ↑ Cross, Nigel (2001) 'Design Cognition: Results from protocol and other empirical studies of design activity'. In C. Eastman, M. McCracken and W. Newstatter (eds.) Design Knowing and Learning: Cognition in Design Education, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 79-103. ISBN   0080438687
  14. ↑ Cross, Nigel (2004) 'Expertise in design: an overview'. Design Studies, 25 (5), 427-441.
  15. ↑ Cross, Nigel (2018) 'Expertise in Professional Design' in K. Anders Ericsson, R. Hoffman, A. Kozbelt, A. M. Williams (eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance (2nd Edition), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK and New York USA. pp. 327-388. ISBN   9781107137554
  16. ↑ Kees Dorst & Nigel Cross (2001) 'Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of problem–solution'. Design Studies, 22 (5) 425-437.
  17. ↑ "Professor Nigel Cross - Lifetime Achievement Award 2005". Design Studies. 27: 1–4. 2006. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2005.10.001.
  18. ↑ Design Society. "List of Honorary Fellows". The Design Society.
  19. ↑ "IED Award" (PDF). IED Journal. p. 13. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
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