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Discovered in the 1990’s,human remains in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been dated to approximately 90,000 years ago. The first real states,such as the Kongo,the Lunda,the Luba and Kuba,appeared south of the equatorial forest on the savannah from the 14th century onwards.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo,also known as Congo-Kinshasa,DR Congo,the DRC,the DROC,or simply either Congo or the Congo,and formerly Zaire,is a country in Central Africa. It is,by area,the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa,the second-largest in all of Africa,and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of around 105 million,the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country in the world,as well as the fourth-most populous country in Africa and the 15th-most populous country in the world. It is a member of the United Nations,Non-Aligned Movement,African Union,and COMESA. Since 2015,the Eastern DR Congo has been the site of an ongoing military conflict in Kivu. The capital and largest city is Kinshasa.
The Second Congo War began in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in August 1998,little more than a year after the First Congo War,and involved some of the same issues. The war officially ended in July 2003,when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power. Although a peace agreement was signed in 2002,violence has continued in many regions of the country,especially in the east. Hostilities have continued since the ongoing Lord's Resistance Army insurgency,and the Kivu and Ituri conflicts.
The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or MONUSCO,an acronym based on its French name,is a United Nations peacekeeping force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which was established by the United Nations Security Council in resolutions 1279 (1999) and 1291 (2000) of the United Nations Security Council to monitor the peace process of the Second Congo War,though much of its focus subsequently turned to the Ituri conflict,the Kivu conflict and the Dongo conflict. The mission was known as the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo or MONUC,an acronym of its French name Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République démocratique du Congo,until 2010.
Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba was a Congolese politician and the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS),the main opposing political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A long-time opposition leader,he served as Prime Minister of the country on three brief occasions:in 1991,1992–1993,and 1997.
Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo is a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He was one of four vice-presidents in the transitional government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 17 July 2003 to December 2006. Bemba also leads the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC),a rebel group turned political party. He received the second-highest number of votes in the 2006 presidential election. In January 2007 he was elected to the Senate.
Azarias Ruberwa Manywa is a Congolese politician,lawyer,and public figure. During the Second Congo War he was Secretary-General of the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD-G) rebel group. Following the war he was one of the vice-presidents in the transitional government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2003-2006. He has also been the leader and president of RCD-G's political party since 2003. He is a member of the Banyamulenge community of South Kivu who belong to the Tutsi tribe.
Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is a convicted war criminal from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the first person ever convicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) and was a key player in the Ituri conflict (1999–2007). Rebels under his command have been accused of massive human rights violations,including ethnic massacres,murder,torture,rape,mutilation,and forcibly conscripting child soldiers.
The Kivu conflict began in 2004 in the eastern Congo as an armed conflict between the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) and the Hutu Power group Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has broadly consisted of three phases,the third of which is an ongoing conflict. Prior to March 2009,the main combatant group against the FARDC was the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP). Following the cessation of hostilities between these two forces,rebel Tutsi forces,formerly under the command of Laurent Nkunda,became the dominant opposition to the government forces.
Laurent Nkunda is a former General in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and is the former warlord operating in the province of Nord-Kivu,sympathetic to Congolese Tutsis and the Tutsi-dominated government of neighbouring Rwanda. Nkunda,who is himself a Congolese Tutsi,commanded the former DRC troops of the 81st and 83rd Brigades of the DRC Army. He speaks English,French,Swahili,Kinyarwanda,Lingala and Kinande. On January 22,2009,he was put under house arrest in Gisenyi when he was called for a meeting to plan a joint operation between the Congolese and Rwandan militaries.
Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size,mineral wealth,and strategic location,Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s,however,with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses,Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1952,adopted unanimously on November 29,2010,after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,including resolutions 1807 (2008),1857 (2008) and 1896 (2009),the Council renewed an arms embargo and related targeted sanctions for a further period until November 30,2011.
Médard Mulangala Lwakabwanga is a politician from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He is President of the Union for a Republican Majority and a leader of the Union Sacree pour l’Alternance,an umbrella grouping of opposition parliamentary parties and community groups that forms the third-largest political structure within the opposition and Rapporteur of the National Assembly’s Committee on Economics and Finance,making him the opposition’s lead spokesman on budgetary,economic and investment policy in the Republic.
The DRC Mapping Exercise Report,or the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 UN Mapping Report,was a report by the United Nations within the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the wake of the armed aggressions and war which took place between March 1993 and June 2003. Its aim was to map the most serious violations of human rights,together with violations of international humanitarian law,committed within the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In doing this it was to assess the capacities within the national justice system to deal appropriately with such human rights violations and to formulate a series of options aimed at assisting the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in identifying appropriate transitional justice mechanisms to deal with the legacy of these violations. It contained 550 pages and contained descriptions of 617 alleged violent incidents.
The M23 rebellion was an armed conflict in North Kivu,Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC),that occurred between the March 23 Movement and government forces. The rebellion was part of continued fighting in the region after the formal end of the Second Congo War in 2003. It broke out in 2012 and continued into 2013,when a peace agreement was made among eleven African nations,and the M23 troops surrendered in Uganda.
The March 23 Movement,often abbreviated as M23 and also known as the Congolese Revolutionary Army,was a rebel military group based in eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC),mainly operating in the province of North Kivu. The 2012 M23 rebellion against the DRC government led to the displacement of large numbers of people. On 20 November 2012,M23 took control of Goma,a provincial capital with a population of one million people,but was requested to evacuate it by the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region because the DRC government had finally agreed to negotiate with them. In late 2013 Congolese troops,along with UN troops,retook control of Goma and M23 announced a ceasefire,saying it wanted to resume peace talks.
General elections were held in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 30 December 2018,to determine a successor to President Joseph Kabila,as well as for the 500 seats of the National Assembly and the 715 elected seats of the 26 provincial assemblies. Félix Tshisekedi (UDPS) won with 38.6% of the vote,defeating another opposition candidate,Martin Fayulu,and Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary,backed by the ruling party PPRD. Fayulu alleged that the vote was rigged against him in a deal made by Tshisekedi and outgoing President Kabila,challenging the result in the DRC's Constitutional Court. Different election observers,including those from the country's Roman Catholic Church,also cast doubt on the official result. Nonetheless on 20 January the Court rejected his appeal and declared Tshisekedi as the winner. Parties supporting President Kabila won the majority of seats in the National Assembly. Félix Tshisekedi was sworn in as the 5th President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 24 January 2019,making it the first peaceful transition of power in the country since it became independent from Belgium in 1960.
The Kamwina Nsapu rebellion,also spelled Kamuina Nsapu rebellion,is an ongoing rebellion instigated by the Kamwina Nsapu militia against state security forces in the provinces of Kasaï-Central,Kasaï,Kasai-Oriental,Lomami and Sankuru. The fighting began after the militia,led by Kamwina Nsapu,attacked security forces in August 2016.
Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo is a Congolese politician who has been the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 25 January 2019. He is the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS),the DRC's oldest and largest party,succeeding his late father Étienne Tshisekedi in that role,a three-time Prime Minister of Zaire and opposition leader during the reign of Mobutu Sese Seko. Tshisekedi was the UDPS party's candidate for president in the December 2018 general election,which he won,despite accusations of irregularities from several election monitoring organisations and other opposition parties. The Constitutional Court of the DRC upheld his victory after another opposition politician,Martin Fayulu,challenged the result,but Tshisekedi has been accused of making a deal with his predecessor,Joseph Kabila. The election marked the first peaceful transition of power since the state became independent from Belgium in 1960.
Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba is a Congolese politician who was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2019,formally establishing his government in August 2019. He has had a long political career going back to the 1970s,having held a number of ministerial cabinet posts,and was previously a professor at the University of Kinshasa since 1979. Ilunga has also been the secretary general of Congo's national railway company. He has a reputation as an experienced public servant and technocrat,as well as an ally of former President Joseph Kabila.
References
- ↑ "Profile: Ntumba Luaba". icglr.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
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