solar racer |
Nuna |
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The Nuna 4 is a solar car developed by the Delft University of Technology in 2006-2007 for the 2007 World Solar Challenge.
Solar car racing refers to competitive races of electric vehicles which are powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car. The first solar car race was the Tour de Sol in 1985 which led to several similar races in Europe, US and Australia. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students' engineering and technological skills, but many business corporations have entered competitions in the past. A small number of high school teams participate in solar car races designed exclusively for high school students.
The World Solar Challenge (WSC), or the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge since 2013, tied to the sponsorship of Bridgestone Corporation is the world's most well-known solar-powered car race event. A biennial road race covering 3,022 km (1,878 mi) through the Australian Outback, from Darwin, Northern Territory, to Adelaide, South Australia, created to foster the development of experimental, solar-powered vehicles.
It succeeded the Nuna 3, the solar car that scored a hat trick by winning the World Solar Challenge for the third time in a row. The Nuna4 also won the 2007 World Solar Challenge with an average speed of 90.87 km/h (56.46 mph) ahead of the Belgian Umicore and Australian Aurora teams, making its fourth consecutive win. [1]
The Nuna 3 is a solar car developed by Nuon Solar Team form the Delft University of Technology in 2004-2005 for the 2005 World Solar Challenge.
The Nuna4 measures 472 x 168 x 110 cm and weighs less than 190 kg (without driver). Its main innovation is its very light construction.
Technical stats on Nuna 4 | |
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Measurements | Length: 4.72 m Width: 1.68 m Height: 1.10 m |
Weight (excluding driver) | 202 kg |
Number of wheels | 3 |
Number of solarcells | 2318 cells (Gallium-Arsenide Triple Junction) |
Solarcells surface | 6 m² (new 2007 rules maximum) |
Efficiency solarcells | > 26% |
Maximum speed | At least 142 km/h (88 mph) |
Engine | InWheel Direct Drive Electric Engine (Efficiency: 97 – 99%) |
Battery | 30 kg Lithium-ion polymer battery |
Body | Carbon fiber and Twaron (aramidfibre)/ Integrated composite rollcage |
Front wheel suspension | Double wishbone of carbon fibre with aluminium / Carbon fiber shock absorber |
Rear wheel suspension | Horizontal fork of carbon fiber / Aluminium connectionpoints |
Tyres | Michelin Solar Radial 16 inch (slicks) |
Rolling resistance | 10 times less than an average car |
Air resistance | 6 times less than an average car |
Number plate | ZZ-78-61 [2] |
Because of risks involved with the high speeds reached by the solar cars in the previous races (Nuna3 averaged over 102 km/h (63 mph)) and tighter speed limits on the Australian roads the rules were changed for the 2007 race to enhance safety and reduce speed.
These changes are
Nuna4 is equipped with a GPS-tracking system. Its data is transferred via a WiFi connection to a support vehicle. A computer in the support vehicle calculates the optimum speed based on the data from the car and additional information including wind speed and direction, the gradient of the road, solar conditions and the state of the batteries. This speed is sent wireless to the Nuna4 cruise control. The car accelerates or decelerates accordingly. The driver only has to steer whilst driving using this adaptive cruise control system.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
Cruise control is a system that automatically controls the speed of a motor vehicle. The system is a servomechanism that takes over the throttle of the car to maintain a steady speed as set by the driver.
The Solutra is the first solar car designed by a group of students, the Raedthuys Solar Team, of the University of Twente. It participated in the 8th World Solar Challenge in 2005 and finished 9th place. Another Dutch team won the race with their car Nuna 3.
Grouping vehicles into platoons, sometimes known as flocking, is a method of increasing the capacity of roads. An automated highway system is a proposed technology for doing this.
In road-transport terminology, a lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to warn the driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane on freeways and arterial roads. These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driver error, distractions and drowsiness. In 2009 the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began studying whether to mandate lane departure warning systems and frontal collision warning systems on automobiles.
The American Solar Challenge (ASC), previously known as the North American Solar Challenge and Sunrayce, is a solar car race across the United States. In the race, teams from colleges and universities throughout North America design, build, test, and race solar-powered vehicles in a long distance road rally-style event. ASC is a test of teamwork, engineering skill, and endurance that stretches across thousands of miles of public roads.
The Stanford Solar Car Project (SSCP) is a student group at Stanford University that designs, builds, tests, and races solar-powered vehicles. The SSCP, a student-run, donation-funded organization, has been building and racing solar-powered vehicles since 1986. The team's most recent car, Arctan, was unveiled in July 2015 and placed sixth in the Challenger Class of the 2015 World Solar Challenge. Previous cars have competed and placed at previous World Solar Challenges, the Global Green Challenge, and American Solar Challenge.
The UNSW Solar Racing Team is the solar car racing team of the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. The team currently holds a number of world records and is best known for its participation in the World Solar Challenge (WSC). Since its founding in 1996 by Byron Kennedy, the Sunswift team has built a total of 6 different cars, the most recent of which is Sunswift VI.
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is an available cruise control system for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. As of 2019, it also called by 20 unique names that describe that basic functionality. This is also known as Dynamic cruise control.
The Sunraycer was a solar powered race car designed to compete in the world's first race featuring solar-powered cars. This race is now called the World Solar Challenge. The Sunraycer, a joint collaboration between General Motors, AeroVironment, and Hughes Aircraft, won the first race in 1987 by a huge margin. The teams lead driver was Australian John Harvey, a driver with nearly 40 years experience racing speedcars (Speedway), open wheelers, sports cars and touring cars. Harvey was involved with the testing and development of the Sunraycer at the General Motors Proving Ground, Arizona.
The 1993 Maize & Blue solar car was built by the University of Michigan Solar Car Team during the period from 1990 to 1993.
A collision avoidance system, also known as a precrash system, forward collision warning system, or collision mitigating system, is an automobile safety system designed to prevent or reduce the severity of a collision. It uses radar (all-weather) and sometimes laser (LIDAR) and camera to detect an imminent crash. GPS sensors can detect fixed dangers such as approaching stop signs through a location database.
Nuna 1 was a car powered by solar power, developed by students from the Delft University of Technology.
The Nuna 5 is the 2009 model of the Nuna series solar-powered racing car built by the Dutch Nuon Solar Team.
Driver drowsiness detection is a car safety technology which helps prevent accidents caused by the driver getting drowsy. Various studies have suggested that around 20% of all road accidents are fatigue-related, up to 50% on certain roads.
Nuna 2 is the name of a solar powered vehicle that in 2003 won the World solar challenge in Australia for the second time in a row, after the Nuna 1 victory in 2001. The Nuna solar racers are built by students who are part of the Nuon Solar Team at the Delft University of Technology.
Nuna7 is a solar-powered racing car in the Nuna series built by the Dutch Nuon Solar Team. The team finished first with Nuna7 at the World Solar Challenge 2013, a race of 3000 km through the outback of Australia. The Nuon Solar Team consisted of 16 students of Delft University of Technology.
Stella and its successors Stella Lux and Stella Vie are a series of solar racing family cars, built for the World Solar Challenge in Australia, sofar winning its Cruiser Class all three times it was held – in 2013, 2015 and in 2017. Stella is considered the world’s first solar-powered family car and was given the 'Best Technology Development' Award at the 8th annual Crunchies in San Francisco in 2015. Being the only competing vehicle with a license plate, the road registration of Stella contributed to the winning score in the races. The vehicles are designed and built by "Solar Team Eindhoven" (STE) — some 26 students of different faculties of the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) in the Netherlands. The group have set up a non-profit foundation to promote their concepts for practical solar vehicles for adoption on a broader scale.