Old Marulan Town

Last updated

Old Marulan Town
127 - Old Marulan Town - PCO Plan Number 127 (5045370p1).jpg
Heritage boundaries
Location Marulan, Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia
Coordinates 34°43′47″S149°59′01″E / 34.7296°S 149.9835°E / -34.7296; 149.9835 Coordinates: 34°43′47″S149°59′01″E / 34.7296°S 149.9835°E / -34.7296; 149.9835
Built18351867
Owner Roads and Maritime Services; Telstra Corporation; Trustees Church of England; Trustees of the Roman Catholic Church
Official name: Old Marulan Town; Site of old Marulan Town; Whole of Township
Typestate heritage (archaeological-terrestrial)
Designated2 April 1999
Reference no.127
TypeTownscape
CategoryUrban Area
Australia New South Wales relief location map.png
Red pog.svg
Location of Old Marulan Town in New South Wales

Old Marulan Town is a heritage-listed former townscape at Marulan, Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia. It is the site of the original Marulan township prior to the moving of the village in the 1860s in the wake of the Main Southern railway bypassing the original town. It is also known as Mooroowoolen. It was built from 1835 to 1867. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. [1]

Goulburn Mulwaree Council Local government area in New South Wales, Australia

Goulburn Mulwaree Council is a local government area located in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is located adjacent to the Hume Highway and the Southern Highlands railway line. The estimated resident population of the area stood at 29,609 on 2016 census.

New South Wales State of Australia

New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Tasman Sea to the east. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In September 2018, the population of New South Wales was over 8 million, making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 5.1 million, live in the Greater Sydney area. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen.

Main Southern railway line, New South Wales railway line in New South Wales, Australia

The Main Southern Railway is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.

Contents

History

The establishment of towns outside of the County of Cumberland did not gain momentum until the 1830s. This decade became an intensive period of town founding in New South Wales. The thirteen year boom receded in 1842 when economic depression temporarily halted expansion. During this period however 53 new towns and villages were planned by the colonial administration. [1]

County of Cumberland, New South Wales Cadastral in New South Wales, Australia

Cumberland County is a county in the State of New South Wales, Australia. Most of the Sydney metropolitan area is located within the County of Cumberland.

Many Australian towns originated because of the need for provision of services. Typically, an inn would be established on a colonial road and then other service establishments would be attracted to the location, such as a general store, blacksmith, wheelwright etc. The colonial roads contained many such hamlets providing for travellers needs. [1]

The essential qualities of a service town are that it serves a population outside its own boundaries and produces services for sale rather than goods. Marulan began as one such service town in the early days of the boom period of the 1830s. [1]

The colonial administration was responsible for the setting aside of land for villages and town reserves and subsequently for design and layout of these centres. The decision as to their location was based upon constraints relating to the nature of the settlement. Thus the site for a service town would be determined largely by transport routes. Since river and road transport antedated selection of town sites in most cases, they exerted a controlling influence on site location. [1]

A town of the 1830s was often no more than a small cluster of buildings and this remained the situation even during the land boom of the 1830s. Apart from the wayside public house, the smallest settlements were hamlets, recognised by the possession of a general store and a blacksmith or shoemaker. In the south, Gunning, Bungendore and Marulan, which depended on road traffic represented this type of town. [1]

Gunning, New South Wales Town in New South Wales, Australia

Gunning is a town on the Old Hume Highway, between Goulburn and Yass in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, about 260 km south-west of Sydney and 75 km north of the national capital, Canberra.

Bungendore Town in New South Wales, Australia

Bungendore is a town in the Queanbeyan Region of New South Wales, Australia, in Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. It is on the Kings Highway near Lake George, the Molonglo River Valley and the Australian Capital Territory border. It has become a major tourist centre in recent years, popular with visitors from Canberra and some of it has heritage protection. It has expanded rapidly in recent years as a dormitory town of Canberra.

The town plans drawn up by the Surveyor General's office reflected the size and type of the individual town. In contrast to the major regional centres, ordinary towns and villages were not given detailed layout plans and the smaller villages such as Marulan, designed to provide services to travellers, were characterised by linear plans following a largely single street pattern. [1]

By reserving an area for a village prior to the growth of that district a certain primacy was afforded to that location. Any businessmen who considered locating outside the government reserve would have faced considerable disadvantages. [1]

The advantages of the village sites were that within the reserved area

  1. It was possible to purchase a small parcel of land
  2. post offices and government buildings were available
  3. mailcoaches stopped
  4. The government was required to provide services and improved conditions. [1]

The disadvantages of other locations stifled development away from the reserve. [1]

Within the Marulan district only one location possessed the features to satisfy the requirement of a village reserve and that was where the village began. [1]

Site selection

The Great South Road, south of the Cumberland Plain, was first marked out by Surveyor-General Mitchell in 1829-30. It ran parallel to the coast and passed through the village of Bungonia. A branch road was also marked out to leave the main line at the beginning of the Marulan Range. This road was to lead to the Goulburn Plains and township. [1]

Mitchell then returned to select suitable sites for the founding of towns and villages. At the junction of the roads from Bungonia and Goulburn he selected a place to serve the travellers on these new roads. The name given to the site was Marulan. He saw the function of the village as that of a wayside settlement and so chose the site where traffic would be greatest. He also noted the importance of a supply of fresh water and as Barber's Creek was nearby this constraint could be satisfied. [1]

Mitchell instructed a surveyor to lay out some allotments to allow occupation in 1834, although the design of the complete village had not yet been approved. Apparently requests had been made for the early subdivision of sites. [1]

The development of the village

Marulan was given a simple design with no side streets and with all allotments having frontages to the major roads. The design is unusual in that it does not conform to the 1829 Government regulations for the laying out of towns and villages, presumably because there was no intention for Marulan to become a town. [1]

Due to the road junctions, reservations were provided on three corners of the intersection, with the largest reservation on the high side of the junction being the Church reserve, maintaining the tradition of allocating the most prominent position in a settlement to the church. All other allotments were equally placed around the road junction. Approval of the design was notified in March 1835 [1]

One of the first buildings in the village area was the Woolpack Inn, built by Joseph Peters in 1835. Confusion and concern about the future of the village plan in 1835 had prompted Peters to write to the Surveyor General referring to the fact that he had "nearly" completed a large brick house and stable for the accommodation of the public, and would be unjustly injured if the road was realigned further. Fortunately for Peters the line of the road was not altered. [1]

Subsequently, Peters applied to be the Marulan postmaster and was appointed so in 1836. Also at this time a blacksmiths shop was established, and together with the inn and post office, supplied the basic needs of the travellers. [1]

In 1841 the Church Reserve was surveyed with three allotments being created for a church, a dwelling and a school. On a visit in 1847 Bishop William Broughton inspected the "commodious chapel in which the divine service is periodically performed". [1]

During the late 1830s and 1840s the sale of land at Marulan continued and the original design of the village was extended. The first additional allotments merely extended the village linearly along the Great South Road, but later depth was added to the village. As the need arose for house sites, side streets were included and allotments were surveyed with frontage to these minor streets. There were however probably not as many residents as appears from the number of lots in the village as often one person owned several lots and other areas were held by absentee landholders. [1]

A decade after the founding of the settlement it was described as "a small cluster of houses with two inns, a post office and three or four stores procuring custom." [2] [1]

A notice of sale appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald of 18 February 1850 relating to four allotments in the centre of the village and described as the land at the corner of Barbour Street and opposite the Woolpack Inn. The notice refers to the following improvements: [1]

  1. The Australian Store, with attached four bedroom dwelling of brick construction on stone footings;
  2. A schoolhouse of timber slabs;
  3. A stable for five horses with loft; and
  4. A court house of brick on stone foundation, lately out of use, the Court having been discontinued since 1 January 1850 [1]

All the buildings offered for sale were described as being large and of sound construction. [1]

The railway

During the 1840s there was much discussion of the possibility of a southern railway either along the line of the Great South Road or through Goulburn. [1]

The decision was finally made in favour of Goulburn. Nevertheless, for the route of the railway Marulan was an important point for it stood on the ridge which separated the valleys of the Shoalhaven River and the Wollondilly River. This was the narrowest piece of land between the two rivers so that whatever route was chosen it had to pass in the vicinity of the village. [1]

Pressure was applied on the government by many local landowners wishing to profit from the proximity of the railway to their land. It would seem that some at least had more influence than the Marulan residents for when finally drawn up in 1857 and confirmed by legislation in 1862 the line passed to the north of the village and not sufficiently near to it to ensure the village's future. [1]

The political decision to so locate the railway completely changed the patterns and means of transport in that district. For Marulan specifically it meant that the village no longer had access to through traffic and had to move to the point where the two transport corridors crossed. If the village had refused to move it is most probable that a completely new settlement would have been founded near the railway. [1]

The new town site

At the time of construction of the railway, the population in the neighbourhood of Marulan increased, however at the end of 1867, as work on the viaduct across Barber's Creek neared completion, many of the railway workers moved to the next section of the line. [1]

John Morrice, the owner of the property "Glenrock", took advantage of the railways construction by subdividing the land fronting the main road in the vicinity of the railway. He named this town Mooroowoolen, and an advertisement for the sale of lots appeared in 1867. It was about 2 miles from Marulan. [1]

Unfortunately for Morrice the railway station was not opened until August, 1868, and the demand for his sites was poor. The only real interest was shown by those who operated businesses at Marulan. The Marulan Postmaster and storekeeper, John O'Neill erected new premises at Mooroowoolen and the Mooroowoolen post office operated after February 1868. The inns at the old town were closed, also relocating near the railway. [1]

An article in the "Sydney Morning Herald" of 12 May 1868, described the impact of the railway: [1]

"The railway crosses the main road at right angles to the little township of Mooroowoolen. Marulan is a curiosity in townships. At one time it was a thriving and busy place, but now the buildings are going to decay, and there seems little prospect of improvement." [1]

Since most of the children attending the Marulan Public School had moved to Mooroowoolen it was decided to also move the school. Temporary premises were rented from June 1870 and occupation of a new school on a site donated by John Morrice commenced in December, 1871. [1]

A new stone church was opened at Mooroowoolen on 1 October 1878 replacing the chapel at the old town site. The moving of the church represented the final stage of the relocation of Marulan. [1]

Gradually Mooroowoolen became known as Marulan. The old township was in a state of ruin and the new town contained all the relevant services to cater for the needs of travellers. The function of the settlement had not changed and the layout of the new township was similar to that of the original village; its form remained basically linear still focussing on the main road. [1]

Description

A village plan still exists. The Hume Highway (formerly the Great South Road), Bungonia Street and Barber Street remain in present use, and a number of other streets are still identifiable. Barber Street currently provides access to trucks carrying material from mines in Bungonia Gorge although the road alignment has been altered at the intersection of the highway. [1]

This plan is the final plan of the village layout dated and a series of earlier plans of the growing town have been located dated 1835, 1839, 1841. A detailed description of archaeological features and relics is located in the field survey. [1]

(i) Eastern Section

Remains of the town buildings and associated structures are concentrated on the eastern side of the highway. The approximate position of the N/S property boundaries along the highway is indicated by a fence line with heavy vertical timber posts. [1]

Field survey has identified the position of a substantial number of surface features in these areas associated with the original township. [1]

These include:

(a) foundations of a line of stone, brick and slab buildings which once stood along the highway
(b) evidence of domestic planting
(c) remains of fences, walls and hedges along property boundaries
(d) depressions representing the alignment of streets
(e) refuse piles containing domestic debris
(f) one substantial (possible) communal well
(g) evidence of a blacksmith's forge
(h) an industrial area containing evidence of brick and lime manufacture for the production of building materials
(i) concentrations of brick, worked stone and artefact scatters indicating previous human occupation of the land
(j) various other features such as rectangular depressions and large bramble brushes which are characteristic of disturbed land resulting from human occupation
(k) two cemeteries containing burials from the period of settlement to the present time [1]

(ii) Western Section

While the greatest number of sites have been identified on the eastern side of the highway, evidence of the previous occupation is apparent on the western side of the highway. [1]

Sites include:

(i) a concentration of ceramic and glass fragments and a small number of broken bricks was found on the grass verge on the DMR reserve; though disturbed, it would appear that the material relates to the site of the Woolpack Inn known to have stood on this land. [1]
(ii) mature introduced vegetation in Section 7, indicative of early garden planting [1]
(iii) a large bramble bush (section 5) possibly represents an early building site [1]

Field survey did not locate relics in Section 5 or "Appendix B". [1]

Archaeological evidence

The concentration of surface finds in some areas indicates the location of subsurface, stratified archaeological deposits; however, no systematic archaeological excavation has been undertaken within the curtilage. The deposits of archaeological significance indicating the nature of occupation and settlement of Old Marulan Town are distributed throughout the site. [1]

Surface evidence predominates in some sections of the site and it can be predicted that the whole site contains covered relics which are not visible without excavation. [1]

Heritage listing

The site of Old Marulan Town is considered to be an outstanding archaeological resource which is able to vividly illustrate unrecorded details of Australian history relating to the form and functions of an early colonial service town, and the way of life of its inhabitants. Examination of the ground surface indicates that the total area of the site contains relics relating to the early occupation of the town. Future archaeological research of the site should result in a wealth of information which is only suggested from surface findings. The significance of the relics and deposits within the land is heightened by the limited period of the towns existence and the subsequent lack of further development of the land. The site therefore is a rare "time capsule" relating to colonial town life from 1835-67 which has suffered minimal contamination from latter phases of use. Exploitation of the site in order to gather historic information would necessitate the preparation of a full research study prior to archaeological excavation of any part of the site in order that all possible avenues of research be considered. [1]

Old Marulan Town was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. [1]

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The town site is a valuable historical and archaeological site rich in information relative to the formand function of an early colonial country town and the way of life of its inhabitants. It was established in the earliest expansions of town and village settlement beyond the Cumberland Plain. [1]

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Old Marulan's significance is two-fold. First, the number of towns dating from this early period which were not developed after the 1860s is very small. Those known to exist include Carrington, Boydtown and towns associated with mining activities. [1]

Second, although roughly of the same period, Old Marulan is unlike these other town sites. The mining "towns" were mainly canvas settlements built for a transient and itinerant population and generally contained few buildings of even a semipermanent nature. Examples of this type of township include Hill End, Byng and Silvertown from the 1850s and 60's and Newnes and Glen Davis and Joadja from the turn of the century. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

Hume Highway highway in New South Wales and Victoria

The Hume Highway, inclusive of the sections now known as the Hume Freeway and Hume Motorway, is one of Australia's major inter-city national highways, running for 840 kilometres (520 mi) between Melbourne in the southwest and Sydney in the northeast. Upgrading of the route from Sydney's outskirts to Melbourne's outskirts to dual carriageway was completed on 7 August 2013.

Tallong, New South Wales Town in New South Wales, Australia

Tallong is a village within the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia, in Goulburn-Mulwaree Council. The village is located just outside the southern extremity of the Southern Highlands region and has some cultural and historic connections with this region also. In the 2016 census, the village had a population of 813. The town is 8.5 km from the town of Marulan and 25 km from the town of Bundanoon.

Taralga Town in New South Wales, Australia

Taralga is a small village in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia in Upper Lachlan Shire. It is located at the intersection of the Goulburn-Oberon Road and the Laggan-Taralga Road. It is accessible from Oberon to the north, Mittagong to the east, Goulburn to the south, and Crookwell to the west. At the 2016 census, Taralga had a population of 467. The exact origin of the name Taralga is disputed. The two most widely supported theories are that the village was originally known as "Trial Gang" as within the early colonial boundaries of Argyle County, it was a location for the trials of convicts and bushrangers before the Crown. The second theory is that Taralga means "native companion" in the language of the Burra Aboriginal people. Taralga is located relatively close to the famous Wombeyan Caves. The town experiences a mild climate and is frequently affected by snow in the winter months.

Oaks Estate, Australian Capital Territory Town in Australian Capital Territory

Oaks Estate is a township situated immediately on the northern side of the New South Wales - Australian Capital Territory border abutting the township of Queanbeyan in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. The estate covers an area of approximately 40 hectares and is bound by the Molonglo River to the north, the Queanbeyan River to the east, 'The Oaks' to the west, and the Queanbeyan-Cooma railway to the south. Oaks Estate is located 12 kilometres from the centre of Canberra. The village is also noteworthy as the nucleus of Queanbeyan's industrial development during the second half of the 19th century. Oaks Estate takes its name from 'The Oaks', which was part of Duntroon, Robert Campbell's farming estate. This makes Oaks Estate one of only a few place names in the ACT with significant connections to early colonial times.

Marulan railway station

Marulan railway station is a heritage-listed railway statio located on the Main South line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Marulan. It opened on 6 August 1868. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Goulburn railway station

Goulburn railway station a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main South line in New South Wales, Australia. Opened on 19 May 1869, it serves the city of Goulburn. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Marulan Town in New South Wales, Australia

Marulan is a small town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia in the Goulburn Mulwaree Council local government area. It is located south-west of Sydney on the Hume Highway, although it bypasses the town proper. Marulan lies on the 150th meridian east. It has a railway station on NSW TrainLink's Southern Highlands Line. Marulan was previously known as Mooroowoolen.

Electoral district of Goulburn state electoral district of New South Wales, Australia

Goulburn is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Wendy Tuckerman of the Liberal Party.

Bungonia, New South Wales Suburb of Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia

Bungonia is a small town in the Southern Tablelands in New South Wales, Australia in Goulburn Mulwaree. At the 2016 census, Bungonia had a population of 367. The name of the town derives from an Aboriginal word meaning 'sandy creek'.

Christ Church Anglican Church, Bungonia church building in New South Wales, Australia

Christ Church Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at King Street, Bungonia, Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia. The current church was designed by William Kemp and built from 1877. The church is administered by St Nicholas Anglican Church, North Goulburn. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 1 October 1999.

Lansdowne Park, Goulburn

Lansdowne Park is a heritage-listed homestead at Bungonia Road, Goulburn, Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1822 to 1825. It is also known as Lansdowne. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Wandi, Marulan

Wandi is a heritage-listed former coaching inn and now residence at 16501 Hume Highway, Narambulla Creek, Marulan, Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia. It is one of a group of historic sites labelled the Ben Hall Sites for their association with bushranger Ben Hall, along with Ben Hall's Death Site, the Bushranger Hotel, Cliefden, Escort Rock, and the Grave of Ben Hall. It was built from 1843. It is also known as Plumb's Inn, Shelleys Flats and Douglass Inn. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 8 October 2010.

Towrang Convict Stockade

Towrang Convict Stockade is a heritage-listed former convict stockade on the Old Hume Highway at Towrang, Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1838 to 1843 by convict gangs. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 1 February 2013.

St Peter and Pauls Old Cathedral

St Peter and Paul's Old Cathedral is a heritage-listed former cathedral and now parish church at 42 Verner Street, Goulburn, Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Andrea Stombuco and Charles Spadacini and built from 1871 to 1890 by C. J. O'Brien and Wilkie Bros. It is also known as St. Peter and Paul's Former Cathedral and St Peter and Paul's Catholic Cathedral; Saints Peter and Paul's Catholic Cathedral. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 April 2009.

Royal Oak Inn, Rouse Hill

The Royal Oak Inn is a heritage-listed hotel located on Windsor Road in Rouse Hill in The Hills Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1829. It has also been known as the White Hart Inn and Queens Arms Inn, and is currently known as the Mean Fiddler Hotel. The property is privately owned and was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History of Braidwood, New South Wales farm and conservation area in New South Wales, Australia

The history of Braidwood, New South Wales in Australia dates back to the early nineteenth century. The historic nature of the town has been recognised with the listing of the entire town on the former Register of the National Estate on 21 October 1980 and the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 3 April 2006.

Parramatta Sand Body Conservation Area and Military Barracks Site

Parramatta Sand Body Conservation Area and Military Barracks Site is a heritage-listed archaeological site relating to both Aboriginal and European occupation at George and Harris Streets, Harris Park, City of Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 8 July 2011.

White Horse Inn, Berrima

White Horse Inn is a heritage-listed former residence, inn, bank and restaurant at Market Street, Berrima, Wingecarribee Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1834 to 1850 by Edward Davies. It is also known as Commercial Bank of Australia, Rosebank, Oldbury's Inn, Holsberry Inn, Mail Coach Inn, and Royal Mail Coach Inn. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Macquarie Arms Hotel

Macquarie Arms Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Thompson Square, Windsor, City of Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as the Royal Hotel. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Macquarie Arms Inn

Macquarie Arms Inn is a heritage-listed former inn and now residence at 104-106 Bathurst Street, Pitt Town, City of Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Australia. It was also known as the Blighton Arms and Flemings Public House in its time as an inn, while the main house on the property became known as Mulgrave Place. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 "Old Marulan Town". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Office of Environment and Heritage. H00127. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  2. (Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January 1847)

Attribution

CC-BY-icon-80x15.png This Wikipedia article was originally based on Old Marulan Town , entry number 00127 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence , accessed on 1 June 2018.