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In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic with only weak odours. Because of their diverse molecular structures, it is difficult to generalize further. Most anthropogenic emissions of hydrocarbons are from the burning of fossil fuels including fuel production and combustion. Natural sources of hydrocarbons such as ethylene, isoprene, and monoterpenes come from the emissions of vegetation.
Acidobacteria is a phylum of bacteria. Its members are physiologically diverse and ubiquitous, especially in soils, but are under-represented in culture.
Chlorobenzene is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides and herbicides in land, fresh water, and marine environments. The byproducts of the remediation can be valuable materials themselves, such as enzymes, edible or medicinal mushrooms, making the remediation process even more profitable. Some fungi are useful in the biodegradation of contaminants in extremely cold or radioactive environments where traditional remediation methods prove too costly or are unusable due to the extreme conditions. Mycoremediation can even be used for fire management with the encapsulation method. This process consists of using fungal spores coated with agarose in a pellet form. This pellet is introduced to a substrate in the burnt forest, breaking down the toxins in the environment and stimulating growth.
Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotics (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical substance. The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapour from the contaminants, or from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil. Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanups are time-consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology, chemistry, computer modeling skills, and GIS in Environmental Contamination, as well as an appreciation of the history of industrial chemistry.
This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides, hydrocarbons and organic solvents, and inorganic solvents.
The Nocardiaceae are a family of aerobic, non-fastidious, high G+C, Gram-positive actinomycetes that are commonly found in soil and water. Members of this family have been isolated from Antarctic soils. Nocardiaceae present coccobacilli, filamentous or, rarely, fragmented and palisading forms, and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae.
The use of DDT in New Zealand was banned in 1989 due to negative environmental impacts.
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs) are a class of compounds that have high resistance to degradation from abiotic and biotic factors, high mobility in the environment and high toxicity. Because of these factors PBTs have been observed to have a high order of bioaccumulation and biomagnification, very long retention times in various media, and widespread distribution across the globe. Majority of PBTs in the environment are either created through industry or are unintentional byproducts.
Comamonas zonglianii is a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, nonmotile bacterium from the genus Comamonas and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from a phenol-contaminated soil. Colonies of C. zonglianii are pale yellow in color.
Pseudoxanthobacter liyangensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, nitrogen fixing aerobic bacterium which has been isolated from soil in Liyang in China.
Olivibacter is a genus from the family of Sphingobacteriaceae.
Olivibacter ginsengisoli is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Olivibacter which has been isolated from Korea.
Olivibacter oleidegradans is a Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Olivibacter which has been isolated from a biofilter in Hungary. Olivibacter oleidegradans has the ability to degrade hydrocarbon.
Olivibacter sitiensis is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Olivibacter that has been isolated from alkaline olive-oil mill wastes on Sitia on Crete. Olivibacter sitiensis has the ability to degrade diphenol.
Olivibacter soli is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, heterotrophic and non-motil bacterium from the genus of Olivibacter which has been isolated from Korea.
Olivibacter terrae is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Olivibacter which has been isolated from Korea.
Brachybacterium is a genus of Gram positive, nonmotile bacteria. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. The genus name comes from Greek word brachy, meaning short, and Latin bacterium, meaning rods, referencing the short rods noted during the exponential phase.
Aquamicrobium soli is a Gram-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped non-spore-forming and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Aquamicrobium which has been isolated from soil which was contaminated with chlorobenzoate in China.
Terrimonas suqianensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Terrimonas which has been isolated from soil which was contaminated with tetrabromobisphenol A.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Olivibacter". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Olivibacter jilunii". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Chen, K.; Tang, S.-K.; Wang, G.-L.; Nie, G.-X.; Li, Q.-F.; Zhang, J.-D.; Li, W.-J.; Li, S.-P. (15 June 2012). "Olivibacter jilunii sp. nov., isolated from DDT-contaminated soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 3): 1083–1088. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.042416-0. PMID 22707536.