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The Oratorio di Santa Maria, or Oratory of Santa Maria, previously called the Tempietto longobardo, is located in Valle on the north-eastern frontier at Cividale del Friuli in the province of Udine. [1] It was erected in the 8th century under the rule of a Germanic people called the Lombards who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774. This is the most important and best preserved example of Lombard architecture, which resembles styles found in Ottonian, Roman, Lombardy and Carolingian art. Included within the temple and chapel are decorated frescoes and high relief sculptures of saints in stucco.
The small structure was likely begun as a part of the Gastaldaga area and Episcopal complex at Cividale del Friuli next to the Natisone river.
It stands as one of the few architectural examples of a positive relationship between Europe and Arab-Muslim countries, which is apparent by the techniques utilized and the stucco decorations, [2] probably initiated by Aistulf, Duke of Friuli and King of the Lombards, and used as a Palatine Chapel for Lombard Dukes and the king's functionaries. Although started much earlier, many of the decorations, statues and stuccos might have been constructed as late as the 11th and 12th centuries and includes Byzantine motifs.
It is a part of the seven architectural, pictorial and sculptural sites within the Longobards in Italy: Places of Power (568–774 A.D.) and received a UNESCO Cultural heritage designation.
The exterior is rather plain, but the interior is a complex 3 to 5 ratio composed of a square-plan, single chamber, with a spacious cross-vault, divided by pairs of columns in three parts covered in barrel vaults, which closes with a lower presbytery. [3]
The changes in power create a very significant collision between artists styles and genres; the space is dense with rich decoration that was important for both secular and contemporary ecclesiastical interiors and is made with sophisticated materials. The view of the entrance wall is covered with stuccos and fresco wall-paintings that depict the Blessing of Christ amongst the Archangels Michael, Gabriel and other male saints. The walls are filled in with various floral stucco decorations done in high-relief. There are bi-colored floors, marble wall revetments, mosaics and sculptures done in stone. The most curious aspect however is the frieze which includes six remaining important stucco figures of unidentified women that were potentially saints or royal patrons. The figures are stylized, richly decorated with dramatic folds in their garments and slightly elongated which is reminiscent of Byzantine models. [4]
Cividale del Friuli is a town and comune in the Province of Udine, part of the North-Italian Friuli Venezia Giulia regione. The town lies 135 metres (443 ft) above sea-level in the foothills of the eastern Alps, 15 kilometres (9 mi) by rail from the city of Udine and close to the Slovenian border. It is situated on the river Natisone, which forms a picturesque ravine here. Formerly an important regional power, it is today a quiet, small town that attracts tourists thanks to its medieval center.
The Parish Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo is a titular church and a minor basilica in Rome run by the Augustinian order. It stands on the north side of Piazza del Popolo, one of the most famous squares in the city. The church is hemmed in between the Pincian Hill and Porta del Popolo, one of the gates in the Aurelian Wall as well as the starting point of Via Flaminia, the most important route from the north. Its location made the basilica the first church for the majority of travellers entering the city. The church contains works by several famous artists, such as Raphael, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio, Alessandro Algardi, Pinturicchio, Andrea Bregno, Guillaume de Marcillat and Donato Bramante.
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The Certosa di Pavia is a monastery and complex in Lombardy, Northern Italy, situated near a small town of the same name in the Province of Pavia, 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Pavia. Built in 1396–1495, it was once located on the border of a large hunting park belonging to the Visconti family of Milan, of which today only scattered parts remain. It is one of the largest monasteries in Italy.
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The Duchy of Friuli was a Lombard duchy in present-day Friuli, the first to be established after the conquest of the Italian peninsula in 568. It was one of the largest domains in Langobardia Major and an important buffer between the Lombard kingdom and the Slavs, Avars, and the Byzantine Empire. The original chief city in the province was Roman Aquileia, but the Lombard capital of Friuli was Forum Julii, modern Cividale.
The Duomo of Monza, often known in English as Monza Cathedral, is the main religious building of Monza, Italy. Unlike most duomos, it is not in fact a cathedral, as Monza has always been part of the Diocese of Milan, but is in the charge of an archpriest who has the right to certain episcopal vestments including the mitre and the ring. The church is also known as the Basilica of San Giovanni Battista from its dedication to John the Baptist.
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