Ordinances are laws that are promulgated by the President of India on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet, which will have the same effect as an Act of Parliament. They can only be issued when Parliament is not in session. They enable the Indian government to take immediate legislative action. Ordinances cease to operate either if Parliament does not approve of them within six weeks of reassembly, or if disapproving resolutions are passed by both Houses. It is also compulsory for a session of Parliament to be held within six months. [1] A total of 679 ordinances have been issued from 1950-2014. [2]
Year | Number | Title of Ordinance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
2003 | 1 | Great persons (Tariff) Amendment Ordinance, 2003 | [3] |
2003 | 2 | Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 | [4] |
2003 | 3 | National Tax Tribunal Ordinance, 2003 | [5] |
2003 | 4 | Prevention of Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 | [6] |
2003 | 5 | Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 | [7] |
2003 | 6 | Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 | [8] |
2003 | 7 | Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 | [9] |
2003 | 8 | Indian Medicine Central Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 | [10] |
2004 | 1 | Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Ordinance | [11] |
2004 | 2 | Unlawful activities (Prevention) Amendment Ordinance | [12] |
2004 | 3 | Banking Regulation (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Provisions Ordinance | [13] |
2004 | 4 | Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 | [14] |
2004 | 5 | Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 | [15] |
2004 | 6 | National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Ordinance | [16] |
2004 | 7 | Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 | [17] |
2004 | 8 | Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Ordinance | [18] |
2005 | 1 | Central Excise Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance | [19] |
2005 | 2 | Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance | [20] |
2005 | 3 | Manipur University Ordinance, 2005 | [21] |
2005 | 4 | Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005 | [22] |
2006 | 1 | National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006 | [23] |
2006 | 2 | National Council for Teacher Education (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2006 | [24] |
2006 | 3 | Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006 | [25] |
2007 | 1 | Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 | [26] |
2007 | 2 | National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 | [27] |
2007 | 3 | National Tax Tribunal (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 | [28] |
2007 | 4 | Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharati) Ordinance, 2007 | [29] |
2007 | 5 | State Bank of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 | [30] |
2007 | 6 | National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2007 | [31] |
2007 | 7 | National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2007 | [32] |
2007 | 8 | Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 | [33] |
2008 | 1 | Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 | [34] |
2008 | 2 | Railways (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 | [35] |
2008 | 3 | Forward contracts (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2008 | [36] |
2008 | 4 | Sugar Development Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 | [37] |
2008 | 5 | Prasar Bharti (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Amendment Ordinance, 2008 | [38] |
2008 | 6 | Food Safety and Standards (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 | [39] |
2008 | 7 | Employee's State Insurance (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 | [40] |
2008 | 8 | Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 | [41] |
2009 | 1 | High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Ordinance, 2009 | [42] |
2009 | 2 | Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 | [43] |
2009 | 3 | Central Universities Ordinance 2009 | [44] |
2009 | 4 | Meghalaya Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2009 | [45] |
2009 | 5 | Meghalaya Appropriation Ordinance, 2008 | [46] |
2009 | 6 | Competition (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 | [47] |
2009 | 7 | Jharkhand Contingency Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 | [48] |
2009 | 8 | Central Universities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 | [49] |
2009 | 9 | Essential Commodities (Amendment And Validation) Ordinance, 2009 | [50] |
2010 | 1 | Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment & Validation) Ordinance, 2010 | [51] |
2010 | 2 | Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2010 | [52] |
2010 | 3 | Securities and Insurance Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010 | [53] |
2010 | 4 | Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010 | [54] |
2011 | 1 | Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2011 | [55] |
2011 | 2 | Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram Ordinance, 2011 | [56] |
2011 | 3 | Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2011 | [57] |
2012 | 1 | All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Ordinance, 2012 | [58] |
2013 | 1 | Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 | [59] |
2013 | 2 | Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Ordinance, 2013 | [60] |
2013 | 3 | Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 | [61] |
2013 | 4 | Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 | [62] |
2013 | 5 | Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 | [63] |
2013 | 6 | Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Second) Ordinance, 2013 | [64] |
2013 | 7 | National Food Security Ordinance, 2013 | [65] |
2013 | 8 | Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 | [66] |
2013 | 9 | Securities Laws (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 | [67] |
2013 | 10 | Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Third) Ordinance, 2013 | [68] |
2013 | 11 | Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 | [69] |
2014 | 1 | Scheduled Castes And The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Ordinance, 2014 | [70] |
2014 | 2 | Securities Laws (Amendment) Odinance, 2014 | [71] |
2014 | 3 | Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 | [72] |
2014 | 4 | Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 | [73] |
2014 | 5 | Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2014 | [74] |
2014 | 6 | Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2014 | [75] |
2014 | 7 | Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2014 | [76] |
2014 | 8 | Insurance Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 | [77] |
2014 | 9 | Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 | [78] |
2015 | 1 | Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 | [79] |
2015 | 2 | Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 | [80] |
2015 | 3 | Mines And Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015 | [81] |
2015 | 4 | Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 | [82] |
2015 | 5 | Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015 | [83] |
2015 | 6 | Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 | [84] |
2015 | 7 | Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015 | [85] |
2015 | 8 | Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Ordinance, 2015 | [86] |
2015 | 9 | Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 | [87] |
2016 | 1 | Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2016 | [88] |
2016 | 2 | Uttarakhand Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2016 | [89] |
2016 | 3 | Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Second Ordinance, 2016 | [90] |
2016 | 4 | Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 | [91] |
2016 | 5 | Dentists (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 | [92] |
2016 | 6 | Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Third Ordinance, 2016 | [93] |
2016 | 7 | Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fourth Ordinance, 2016 | [94] |
2016 | 8 | Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fifth Ordinance, 2016 [95] | [96] |
2016 | 9 | Payment of Wages (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 | [97] |
2016 | 10 | Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 | [98] |
2017 | 1 | Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Ordinance, 2017 | |
2018 | 1 | The Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 2018 | |
2018 | 2 | Companies (Amendment) Ordinance, 2018 | |
2019 | 1 | Companies (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019 | |
2019 | 2 | Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers’ Cadre) Ordinance, 2019 | [99] |
2019 | 3 | The Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019 | |
2020 | 1 | The Epidemic Act 1897 (Amendment) Act Ordinance, 2020 |
The president of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022.
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens, based on the proposal suggested by M. N. Roy. It is the longest written national constitution in the world.
As of 2024, 22 languages have been classified as recognised languages under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. There is no designated national language of India.
The Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA) was an Act passed by the Parliament of India in 2002, with the objective of strengthening anti-terrorism operations. The Act was enacted due to several terrorist attacks that were being carried out in India and especially in response to the attack on the Parliament. The Act replaced the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance (POTO) of 2001 and the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) (1985–1995), and was supported by the governing National Democratic Alliance. The Act was repealed in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance coalition.
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India. The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories. For much of the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes.
Reservation is a system of caste-based affirmative action in India. Based on provisions in the Indian Constitution, it allows the Union Government and the States and Territories of India to set a percentage of reserved quotas or seats, in higher education admissions, employment, political bodies, etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens".
The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Act, 1989 was enacted by the Parliament of India to prevent atrocities and hate crimes against the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. In popular usage, including in parliamentary debates and in the judgements of the Supreme Court of India, this law is referred to as the SC/ST Act. It is also referred to as the 'Atrocities Act', POA, and PoA.
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act is an Indian law aimed at the prevention of unlawful activities associations in India. Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The most recent amendment of the law, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 has made it possible for the Union Government to designate individuals as terrorists without following any formal judicial process. UAPA is also known as the "Anti-terror law".
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 is an Act of the Parliament of India which provides a mechanism to investigate alleged corruption and misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing in government bodies, projects and offices. The wrongdoing might be in the form of fraud, corruption or mismanagement. The Act will also ensure punishment for false or frivolous complaints.
The Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) is an act of Parliament of India which was established to ensure the delivery of certain services, which if obstructed would affect the normal life of the people. This include services like public transport, health services. The ESMA is a law made by the Parliament of India under List No. 33 in Concurrent List of 7th Schedule of Constitution of India. Hence it maintains national uniformity by providing minimum conditions of essential services across the nation. For any violations in specific regions, State governments alone or together with other state government can enforce their respective act. Each state has a separate state Essential Services Maintenance Act with slight variations from the central law in its provisions. Hence, in case the nature of strike disrupts only a state or states, then the states can invoke it. In case of disruption on a national scale, especially railways, the ESMA 1968 can be invoked by central government.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the British Crown dependency of Guernsey have improved significantly in the past decades. Same-sex sexual activity for both men and women is legal in Guernsey. Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2 May 2017 in Guernsey, and since 14 June 2018 in its dependency, Alderney. Legislation approving the legalisation of same-sex marriage in its other dependency, Sark was given royal assent on 11 March 2020. Guernsey is the only part of the British Isles to have never enacted civil partnership legislation, though civil partnerships performed in the United Kingdom were recognised for succession purposes. Since April 2017, same-sex couples can adopt in the entire Bailiwick. Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity has been banned since 2004. Transgender people have been able to legally change gender since 2007.
The Representation of the People Act, 1951 is an act of Parliament of India to provide for the conduct of election of the Houses of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of those Houses, what constitute corrupt practices and other offences at or in connection with such elections and the determination of disputes arising out of or in connection with such elections. It was introduced in Parliament by law minister Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The Act was enacted by the provisional parliament under Article 327 of Indian Constitution, before the first general election.
The Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 2009, extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and representation of the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 26 January 2020.
Indian company law regulates corporations formed under Section 2(20) of the Indian Companies Act of 2013, superseding the Companies Act of 1956.
Same-sex marriage is legal in all parts of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom. Legislation to open marriage to same-sex couples in Guernsey was passed by the States of Guernsey on 21 September 2016, and took effect on 2 May 2017. Same-sex marriage laws took effect in Alderney on 14 June 2018, and Sark on 23 April 2020.
A Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha is the representative of a legislative constituency in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 550. This includes the maximum 530 members to represent the constituencies and states and up to 20 members to represent the union territories. Between 1952 and January 25, 2020, two seats were reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The current elected strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the Prime Minister of India.
The One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, extends the deadline for the cessation of the reservation of seats for members from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies by a period of 10 years.