Ore grade

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Iron content of pure magnetite is 72%, but due to impurities, raw magnetite's actual ore grade is much lower. Magnetite-118736.jpg
Iron content of pure magnetite is 72%, but due to impurities, raw magnetite's actual ore grade is much lower.

Ore grade is a measure describing the concentration of a commodity (e.g. metal or minerals) in ore. [1] [2] For metals produced in oxide form (such as tungsten and uranium), the grade may describe the percentage of oxide content (WO
3
and U
2
O
8
respectively). [3]

Ore grade is used to assess the economic feasibility of a mining operation; the concentration of the commodity must be high enough so that it outweighs the cost of extracting it. The ore grade required for economic feasibility varies widely based on the value of the material being mined. [4] The lowest grade that is feasible to mine is called a cut-off grade and is determined using various economic and political considerations. [5]

Ore grades are usually expressed as an amount per ton or metric ton of ore, though ore grades for base metals are usually expressed as a percentage or in parts per million. Grade of a deposit of an industrial mineral is of less importance than that for a metal ore, as many minerals are used in bulk, and homogeneity and other properties (for example, the color for the limestone) might be critical. [5]

There are multiple points in the mining process ("streams") where the grade ("assay") can valued: [5] [6]

References

  1. "Copper: Technology and Competitiveness" (PDF). U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment : 98. September 1988.
  2. "Mineralogy". OpenGeology.org (2nd ed.): 9.1.3. July 2022.
  3. Wills & Finch 2016, p. 10.
  4. "Ore grade, metal production, and energy". Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey. 3 (1): 9–14. 1975.
  5. 1 2 3 Evans 2013.
  6. Wills & Finch 2016, pp. 9–10.

Sources