Organic dust toxic syndrome

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Organic dust toxic syndrome
Specialty Pulmonology

Organic dust toxic syndrome is a potentially severe flu-like syndrome originally described in farmers, mushroom workers, bird breeders and other persons occupationally exposed to dusty conditions.

Contents

Symptoms

Symptoms arise 4 to 12 hours after exposure to an organic dust, and generally last from one to five days. Common generalised symptoms include fever over 38 °C, chills, myalgia and malaise. The most frequent respiratory symptoms are dyspnea and a dry cough, while a wheeze may be present less commonly. Headache, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis can also be present, and skin irritation may occur in those handling grain. [1]

Respiratory function may worsen to the point where hypoxia occurs, and damage to the airways may lead to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema one to three days post exposure. [1]

Laboratory investigations may show a raised white cell (and specifically neutrophil) count, while a chest X-ray is often normal or shows minimal interstitial infiltration. [1]

Causes

An inflammatory reaction of the airways and alveoli, the mechanism of organic dust toxic syndrome is thought to be toxic rather than autoimmune in origin. [2] The airways are exposed to high concentrations of organic dust created by some form of disturbance or mechanical process. They can be such materials such as grain kernel fragments, bits of insects, bacteria, fungal spores, molds or chemical residues, the individual particles 0.1 to 50  μm in size. [1] A common scenario is exposure to moldy grain, hay or woodchips, with farmers and pig workers the most common occupations affected. Those who work with grain, poultry and mushrooms also frequently report symptoms. [1]

Wheat harvested has dust blown in the air. Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg
Wheat harvested has dust blown in the air.

Pulmonary reactions occur due to the exposure to grain dust. The amount of organic dust include hay, grain, wood and compost [3] . Exposure to high amounts of dust particles cause syndromes of grain fever, organic dust toxic syndrome, toxic pneumonitis, inhalation fever, silo unloaders' disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, farmers' lung, mushroom workers' lung, and bark strippers' disease [3] . Recent studies have conducted that organic dust syndrome has acute like symptoms of grain fever, silo unloaders' disease and toxic pneumonitis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is first done through the inspection of the swollen mucosa in the mouth and visible airways. Any inspection of the lung stays nonetheless unapparent.[ citation needed ]

Treatment

The illness is generally self-limiting. Management on the whole is preventive, by limiting exposure to mouldy environments with ventilation, or by wearing respiratory protection such as facemasks. [1]

History

It was recognised as a distinct clinical syndrome in the 1980s. Previously, cases had been reported and given various names such as pulmonary mycotoxicosis, silo unloader's syndrome, grain fever, malt fever, toxin fever, humidifier fever, mill fever, toxic alveolitis or allergic alveolitis. In 1994, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health published case reports and highlighted the urgency for study of the syndrome.

There are two primary types of dust exposure in agriculture: inorganic and organic. Often the cause of allergy illnesses like asthma, organic dusts come from both plant and animal sources. Inorganic dust illnesses are non-allergic lung reactions that originate in the soil [4] . Asthma-like symptoms are linked to inorganic dust syndrome.

External Factors

Droughts

In the Sierra Nevada, where the dust cycle has responded significantly to climate change, droughts have been a competing element. The primary factors are the increased greenhouse gas emissions that have contributed to global warming, which has had a significant impact on moisture levels and the possibility of evapotranspiration (the amount of water that evaporates from the ground to the amount of water that is accessible). Crop water intake is also calculated using potential evapotranspiration. Dust emissions have increased as a result of land use, industrial development, and animal grazing, particularly in the western United States. Furthermore,"Dust emissions in some regions have increased by up to 400% in the past several decades" [5] .

Inorganic dust (minerals)

The Central Valley is known about its agricultural aspects, including the dry farming, resulting in increase of airborne dust from field procedures (harvesting, crop cleanup, etc). Soil is a combination of small amounts of organic compound and large amounts of inorganic compounds, yet it is part of external factors that often cause nonallergic lung symptoms. Exposure to mineral dust presents the hazards for farmers in the development of lung disease [6] . In one analysis, 112 male Hispanic individuals in the Fresno county were part of a study conducted in the findings of the comparison between farm workers and non-farm workers. Out of 32 individuals, 22 farmers were diagnosed with mineral dust small airways disease, Thirty-one out of Sixty-one were diagnosed with smoking-related small airways disease and17 out 23 farmers were diagnosed with Pneumoconiosis [7] . Furthermore, residents were as well found to be diagnosed with Interstitial fibrosis, Lymph node fibrosis, Chronic bronchitis, Asthma-like airway disease and Emphysema. The study resulted in Farm-workers having an higher risk of the diseases mentioned.   

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pneumoconiosis</span> Scarring of the lungs due to inhaling dust over long periods

Pneumoconiosis is the general term for a class of interstitial lung disease where inhalation of dust has caused interstitial fibrosis. The three most common types are asbestosis, silicosis, and coal miner's lung. Pneumoconiosis often causes restrictive impairment, although diagnosable pneumoconiosis can occur without measurable impairment of lung function. Depending on extent and severity, it may cause death within months or years, or it may never produce symptoms. It is usually an occupational lung disease, typically from years of dust exposure during work in mining; textile milling; shipbuilding, ship repairing, and/or shipbreaking; sandblasting; industrial tasks; rock drilling ; or agriculture. It is one of the most common occupational diseases in the world.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicosis</span> Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of silica, quartz or slate particles

Silicosis is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. It is marked by inflammation and scarring in the form of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis. Silicosis, particularly the acute form, is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever, and cyanosis. It may often be misdiagnosed as pulmonary edema, pneumonia, or tuberculosis. Using workplace controls, silicosis is almost always a preventable disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstitial lung disease</span> Diseases of the space or tissue between the alveoli of the lungs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</span> Medical condition

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) or extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) is a syndrome caused by the repetitive inhalation of antigens from the environment in susceptible or sensitized people. Common antigens include molds, bacteria, bird droppings, bird feathers, agricultural dusts, bioaerosols and chemicals from paints or plastics. People affected by this type of lung inflammation (pneumonitis) are commonly exposed to the antigens by their occupations, hobbies, the environment and animals. The inhaled antigens produce a hypersensitivity immune reaction causing inflammation of the airspaces (alveoli) and small airways (bronchioles) within the lung. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis may eventually lead to interstitial lung disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byssinosis</span> Medical condition

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pneumonitis</span> General inflammation of lung tissue

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bird fancier's lung</span> Type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suberosis</span> Medical condition

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycoperdonosis</span> Medical condition

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitrogen dioxide poisoning</span> Medical condition

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupational dust exposure</span> Occupational hazard in agriculture, construction, forestry, and mining

Occupational dust exposure occurs when small particles are generated at the workplace through the disturbance/agitation of rock/mineral, dry grain, timber, fiber, or other material. When these small particles become suspended in the air, they can pose a risk to the health of those who breath in the contaminated air.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Seifert SA, Von Essen S, Jacobitz K, Crouch R, Lintner CP (2003). "Organic dust toxic syndrome: a review". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 41 (2): 185–93. doi:10.1081/clt-120019136. PMID   12733858. S2CID   35345201.
  2. ↑ Linaker C, Smedley J (December 2002). "Respiratory illness in agricultural workers". Occupational Medicine. 52 (8): 451–59. doi: 10.1093/occmed/52.8.451 . PMID   12488515.
  3. 1 2 Castranova, Vincent; Robinson, Victor A.; Frazer, David G. (March 1996). "Pulmonary Reactions to Organic Dust Exposures: Development of an Animal Model". Environmental Health Perspectives. 104 (Suppl 1): 41–53. doi:10.2307/3432695. ISSN   0091-6765. JSTOR   3432695. PMC   1469574 . PMID   8722109.
  4. ↑ Schenker, M (August 2000). "Exposures and health effects from inorganic agricultural dusts". Environmental Health Perspectives. 108 (suppl 4): 661–664. Bibcode:2000EnvHP.108S.661S. doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s4661. PMC   1637665 . PMID   10931784.
  5. ↑ Aarons, S.M.; Arvin, L.J.; Aciego, S.M.; Riebe, C.S.; Johnson, K.R.; Blakowski, M.A.; Koornneef, J.M; Hart, S.C.; Barnes, M.E.; Dove, N.; Botthoff, J.K.; Maltz, M.; Aronson, E.L. (December 2019). "Competing droughts affect dust delivery to Sierra Nevada". Aeolian Research. 41: 100545. Bibcode:2019AeoRe..4100545A. doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2019.100545.
  6. ↑ Schenker, Marc B.; Pinkerton, Kent E.; Mitchell, Diane; Vallyathan, Val; Elvine-Kreis, Brenda; Green, Francis H.Y. (June 2009). "Pneumoconiosis from Agricultural Dust Exposure among Young California Farmworkers". Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (6): 988–994. Bibcode:2009EnvHP.117..988S. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800144. PMC   2702418 . PMID   19590695.
  7. ↑ Schenker, Marc B.; Pinkerton, Kent E.; Mitchell, Diane; Vallyathan, Val; Elvine-Kreis, Brenda; Green, Francis H.Y. (June 2009). "Pneumoconiosis from Agricultural Dust Exposure among Young California Farmworkers". Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (6): 988–994. Bibcode:2009EnvHP.117..988S. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800144. PMC   2702418 . PMID   19590695.
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