The group came under the leadership of Choi Hong-hi (1918–2002),[1][2][3][4] inaugural president of the KTA and later founder of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), and Nam Tae-hi (1929–2013),[7][8][9][10] known as the Father of Vietnamese Taekwondo. Many of these men held senior positions in the ITF under Choi, but several left over time. Most of the men settled in North America, while others settled in Europe or Australia.
The phrase "original masters of taekwondo" is used to describe this group of men, but does not indicate that they were the first (or original) masters in the KTA. The leaders of the nine kwans that unified to form the KTA was a different group of men who, while perhaps senior to some of those listed as "original masters of taekwondo", were practising arts with other names, such as tae soo do, kong soo do, and others. Some of those leaders resisted using the name taekwondo. The men in the present group were among the first to adopt and promote the name taekwondo.
History
Demonstrations and tours
The original masters of taekwondo featured in the earliest demonstrations of taekwondo as a Korean martial art outside South Korea. The following table summarises demonstrations or instructional tours for which references are available.
Many of the original masters of taekwondo went on to prominent roles in the ITF in the late 1960s and 1970s. As time passed and many of these masters left the ITF, their photographs were removed from Choi's series of taekwondo textbooks and replaced with photographs of current ITF masters.[1][44] One of the main reasons for their departure was Choi's insistence on initiating relationships with North Korea, during a period in which that country and South Korea were "technically at war" (Gillis, 2003, p.104; C. K. Choi, 2010, p.147),[45][46] or at best, had "no diplomatic relations" (C. K. Choi, 2010, p.147)[46] or "no diplomatic ties" (World Taekwon-Do Alliance).[15] At least one of the masters reported that it was with regret that he stopped supporting Choi.[46] North and South Korea are still considered to be technically at war.[47]
Seven of the masters settled in North America: Chang-keun Choi (Canada, 1970),[17] Kwang-jo Choi (USA, 1970),[36][48] Cha-kyo Han (USA, 1971),[23] Jong-chan Kim (Canada),[49] Young-il Kong (USA, c. 1968),[50] Jong-soo Park (Canada, 1968),[25] and Jung-tae Park (Canada, 1970).[51] The leaders of the group also settled in North America: H. H. Choi moved to Canada[2][45] and T. H. Nam settled in the USA.[7] Three of the masters settled in Europe: Kwang-il Kim (West Germany, now Germany, c. 1970), Sun-jae Park (Italy, c. 1970), and Ki-ha Rhee (United Kingdom, 1967).[14] Two of the masters settled in Australia: Chong-chul Rhee (c. 1965),[21] and Chong Hyup Rhee (c. 1970).
C. K. Choi, J. C. Kim, Y. I. Kong, J. S. Park, and K. H. Rhee have maintained the strongest links with the ITF. H. H. Choi had personally promoted C. K. Choi to 8th dan (1981),[16] Y. I Kong to 9th dan (1997),[52][53] and K. H. Rhee to 9th dan (1997).[13]
Biographies
The following table summarises the status of the twelve original masters of taekwondo.
Choi Chang-keun was born around 1940 in Korea. He began his martial arts training in the South Korean army in 1956, studying taekwondo and karate.[17] Choi taught taekwondo in Malaysia from 1964, and moved to Vancouver, Canada, in 1970.[17] In 1973, he held the rank of 7th dan.[12] Choi was promoted to 8th dan in 1981 by H. H. Choi,[16] and attained the rank of 9th dan in 2002.[17] He is still based in Vancouver.
K. J. Choi was born on 2 March 1942,[29] in Daegu, Korea.[36] His martial art training began when he was still a child, learning kwon bup.[29][36] Choi served in the South Korean military and came into contact with H. H. Choi there.[29][36] Around 1966–1967, he taught taekwondo in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.[29][30] Choi moved to the United States of America in 1970 to seek medical treatment for injuries sustained from martial arts training.[36][48] In 1987, he founded his own martial art system and organisation, Choi Kwang-Do.[36] He is based in Atlanta. Choi holds the rank of 9th dan in his own martial art, Choi Kwang-Do.
C. K. Han was born on 20 July 1934 in Seoul, Korea.[24][54] He trained under three martial art masters: Tae-hi Nam, Duk-sung Son, and Woon-kyu Um.[23][24] Han was the first of the original masters of taekwondo to demonstrate overseas, participating in the March 1959 tour of Taiwan and Vietnam.[1][2][11][12] Following a career in the South Korean military, he emigrated to the United States of America in 1971, settling in Chicago.[23] Han founded his own organisation, the Universal Tae Kwon Do Federation, around 1980.[55] He continued teaching taekwondo until his death in 1996.[56]
Kim Jong-chan
J. C. Kim was born in 1936.[57] 1953 Began studying martial arts with Kim Bong-gil 1955 General Choi announced and created the name TAEKWON-DO on 11 April. 1956 Joined the Military Police Academy, studied various Martial Arts under Kim Sung-bok 1957 Under the direction of General Ha built the first TAEKWON-DO academy of the 7th Infantry Division with Major Park. Introduced to General Choi. 1958 Attended the First Instructors course held under the First Army in Won Ju, Korea, led by Major Woo (2nd Dan Black Belt), Lieutenant Hong (1st Dan Black Belt) and Captain Nam (3rd Dan Black Belt)Appointed to the Special Security Mission for the Army Commander. Trained in all Martial Arts for 8 months. 1960 Promoted to 2nd Dan Black Belt in Tae Kwon-Do 1962 Appointed as Head Instructor of the Oh Do Kwan Headquarters school in Seoul. Organized the world's first TAEKWON-DO Championships, held in Wonju, Korea, where CK Choi became free sparring and patterns champion 1963 Promoted to Tae Soo Do (Karate) 3rd Degree Black Belt 1964 Trained directly under General Choi for four months, where the 24 Tae-Kwon Do patterns were formed. Assisted General Choi with the First TAEKWON-DO Book. Introduced Park Jong-soo to General Choi. Appointed as the first Instructor to Instructors for the minister of defense (Army, Navy, Air Force & Marine Corps.) 1965 Organized TAEKWON-DO as primary martial art trained in the Korean military. 1966 The International TAEKWON-DO Federation (ITF) was formed. Appointed as Chief Instructor and a founding member of the ITF. -Taught Tae-Kwon Do Patterns, Chon-Ji to Choong-Moo to instructor Jhoon Ree. Thereafter Jhoon Rhee went to USA and published the TAEKWON-DO Handbook. Taught Tae-Kwon Do Patterns Chon-Ji to Choong-Moo to instructor Kim Han-chan. Thereafter Kim Han-chan went to Argentina. Appointed as the first Tae Kwon Do Chief Instructor to the Korean National Police Force, by the Minister of Homeland Affairs 1967 Developed the first International Instructors course for the ITF, where the minimum student entrant would possess a 4th Dan black belt. 1968 Invited by the Singapore government to introduce TAEKWON-DO. Instructed in Malaysia Perak State. 1969 Organized the first Malaysian TAEKWON-DO Championships in Penang 1970 Arrived in Vancouver BC Canada to promote and demonstrate TAEKWON-DO with C.K. Choi at UBC, SFU, & various high schools. 1971 Organized with Han Cha-kyo, the first Asian TAEKWON-DO Championships, held in Hong Kong. Taught Army Cadets in New Westminster BC Arrived in Montreal Canada
1972 Opened the first TAEKWON-DO School in Montreal. 1973 Appointed as the first chairman of the technical committee of the International TAEKWON-DO Federation. Promoted to 7 Dan black belt. Organized the World's First TAEKWON-DO Masters Demonstration, at the Montreal Forum where 27 Masters attended. 1974 Organized the World's First TAEKWON-DO Championships held at the Montreal Forum. 24 countries participated. 1975 Invented the stretching machine “the Stretchersizer” 1976 Invited as the Instructor, of the European Instructors course held in Glasgow U K. 1977 Studied Bio Physical Education at Concordia University 1978 Moved to New Westminster BC 1979 Trained 21 TAEKWON-DO instructors in Argentina including Dr Hector Marano and Pablo Trajtenberg, and with an unprecedented move, promoted several of them directly from 2nd Dan to 4th Dan Black Belts. 1981 Promoted to 8th Dan Black Belt. Elected as the secretary general of the ITF. Appointed as the chairman of the merging committee for the ITF and WT. As chairman of the merging committee, negotiated the merging agreement between the ITF and the WT, that was submitted to the International Olympic Committee by Un-yong Kim, in order to have Tae Kwon- Do accepted as an Olympic sport. 1982 Quietly resigned from the ITF and all Tae Kwon do duties, due to opposition to General Choi’s controversial political statements made in North Korea 1991 Promoted to 9th Dan Black Belt 2015 JC KIM`S two sons Rich Kim and Edward Kim are following in his footsteps, are currently and have been for over 30 years, teaching Tae Kwon-Do in Surrey, BC at Jong Kim Martial Arts Surrey (Taekwondo).[58] In 1979, ranked 7th dan, he taught and demonstrated in Argentina along with C. K. Choi, J. T. Park, and K. H. Rhee.[39] A letter by Kim published in the July 1985 issue of Black Belt magazine lists his title at the time as president of the 'World Tukido Council.'[59] He is based in Vancouver, Canada.
Kim Kwang-il
K. I. Kim contributed to the introduction of taekwondo into West Germany.[33][60] He was head instructor of the ITF in West Germany, but was relieved of this duty in October 1971.[26] In 1975, Kim was ranked 6th dan.[14] He promoted Rolf Becking, head of the ITF Germany Technical Committee, to the rank of 2nd dan in 1976 in Stuttgart, West Germany.[61] Between 1974 and 1977 Kim had a restaurant in Stuttgart and had completed training as a Brewmeister prior to 1974.[citation needed]
Y. I. Kong was born in 1943 in Korea.[49] He began training in the martial arts as a child in 1952, starting with Shotokan karate.[49] From 1963 to 1967, Kong served in the South Korean army, attaining the rank of Sergeant.[49][52][53] He participated in several demonstration tours across the world.[2][11][14][37] Following a career in the South Korean military, Kong emigrated to the United States of America just before or in 1968.[50] He and his younger brother, Young-bo Kong, founded the Young Brothers Taekwondo Associates in 1968.[50] Kong was promoted to the rank of 9th dan in 1997 by H. H. Choi in Poland.[52][53] He is based in Las Vegas.
J. S. Park was born in 1941 in Chung-Nam, Korea.[25] He trained in taekwondo under H. H. Choi.[62] In 1965, he was invited to be the coach of the German Taekwon-Do Association, and moved from South Korea to West Germany.[25] The following year, he moved to the Netherlands and founded the Netherlands Taekwon-Do Association.[25] In 1968, Park settled in Toronto, Canada.[25] Park holds the rank of 9th dan. Grandmaster Park Jong-soo passed away November 26, 2021.
J. T. Park was born in 1943 or 1944 in Korea.[63][64] He began training in the martial arts as a child, starting with boxing before moving on to judo and then taekwondo. From 1965 to 1967, Park directed military taekwondo training in Vietnam.[28] He emigrated to Canada where he met his future wife, Linda, in Toronto in 1970.[51] In 1984, Park was ranked 8th dan in the ITF.[65] He founded his own organisation, the Global Taekwon-Do Federation (GTF), on 14 June 1990—the year after his departure from the ITF due to North–South Korean political issues.[63][66][67] Park was based in Mississauga until his death in 2002.
Park Sun-jae
S. J. Park is a pioneer of taekwondo in Italy.[33][68] In 1964, he visited Croatia to present seminars on his art.[18] He introduced taekwondo to Italy around 1968.[69] In 1968, he was ranked 5th dan,[70] and in 1975, he was ranked 7th dan.[14] He was elected vice-president (Italy) in the European Tae Kwon Do Union (within the World Taekwondo Federation) at the union's inaugural meeting in 1976.[71] In 2002, he was a member of the arbitration board for the WT's World Cup Taekwondo championship in Tokyo.[72] On 15 February 2004, the executive council of the WT elected him as acting president of the WT following Un-yong Kim's resignation from the presidency of the organisation.[73] He is vice president (Italy) of the WT.[74] Park was president of the Federazione Italiana Taekwondo (Italian Taekwondo Federation) around 1998,[69] and still held the position as of 2008[75] and 2009.[76]
C. C. Rhee was born around 1935 in Korea. As a youth, he trained in martial arts, basketball, boxing, gymnastics, and weights.[21] Later, he was an instructor in the Korean Marines for three years, teaching unarmed combat to the Marine Commandoes, Marine Brigade Headquarters, and the Marine 2nd Infantry Division.[21] Rhee helped introduce the art of taekwondo to Southeast Asia—most notably in Malaysia and Singapore, but also in Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Brunei.[19] He founded his own organisation, Rhee Taekwon-Do, in Adelaide, Australia, around 1965.[21][22] Rhee came to be known as the Father of Australian Taekwondo.[21] He is based in Sydney.
Rhee Chong-hyup
C. H. Rhee was born around 1940 in Korea. In the mid-1960s, he contributed to the introduction of taekwondo to Malaysia and Singapore.[20] He arrived in Australia in 1970 and settled in Melbourne, Australia. Rhee is in charge of Rhee Taekwon-Do operations in Melbourne.[77][78]
K. H. Rhee was born on 20 March 1938 in Seoul, Korea.[14] His martial arts training began when he was around 7 or 8 years of age, learning judo from his father.[13] He later learned karate from one of his schoolteachers.[13] When Rhee served in the South Korean military forces, he came into contact with H. H. Choi and learned taekwondo in the 35th Infantry Division.[13] From February 1964, he taught taekwondo to Royal Air Force personnel in Singapore.[13][14] He emigrated to London on 2 July 1967.[14] He attained the rank of 8th dan in 1981, and was promoted to 9th dan by H. H. Choi on 1 July 1997 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.[13] Rhee came to be known as the Father of British Taekwondo,[31] as well as the Father of Irish Taekwondo.[13] He is now based in Glasgow.
Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and combat sport involving punching and kicking techniques. The word Taekwondo can be translated as tae, kwon, and do. In addition to its five tenets of courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-control and indomitable spirit, the sport requires three physical skills: poomsae (품새), kyorugi (겨루기) and gyeokpa (격파).
Choi Hong-hi was a South Korean Army general, and martial artist who was an important figure in the history of the Korean martial art of Taekwondo, albeit controversial due to his introduction of taekwondo to North Korea.
Choi Kwang-jo is a former South Korean national champion in taekwondo, and is one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. Following a career in the South Korean military, he emigrated to the United States of America in 1970. Choi is the founder and head of the Choi Kwang Do international martial art organization, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Rhee Taekwon-Do, also known as Rhee Tae Kwon-Do, Rhee Tae Kwon Do, or Rhee Taekwondo,[a] is a martial art school in Australia[b] teaching the Korean martial art of taekwondo. Its full name is "Rhee International Taekwon-Do (Australia)". Chong Chul Rhee, one of the original masters of taekwondo, founded the school in the mid-1960s. Two of Rhee's brothers, Chong Hyup Rhee and Chong Yoon Rhee, later came to assist him in the 1970s.
Korea Taekwondo Association, originally the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (1961), is the first taekwondo organisation. It was founded in 1959,[a] although official South Korean sources give 1961 as its year of establishment.[b] In 1966, some members of the KTA, led by H. H. Choi, broke off from the KTA and formed the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF). The Kukkiwon and the then-World Taekwondo Federation were created by the KTA in the early 1970s. The KTA sits under the Korea Sports Council, is aligned with Kukkiwon, and is a Member National Association (MNA) of the WT. Its goal is to promote the martial art taekwondo as a national sport within South Korea.
Chung Do Kwan, created by Won Kuk Lee in 1944, is one of the first of nine schools or kwan teaching Tang Soo Do. Later, the school began to teach what came to be known as taekwondo. This style of Tang Soo Do is known for its overall power and emphasis on kicks to the head.
Tae Kwon Do Times is a magazine devoted to the martial art of taekwondo, and is published in the United States of America. While the title suggests that it focuses on taekwondo exclusively, the magazine also covers other Korean martial arts. Tae Kwon Do Times has published articles by a wide range of authors, including He-Young Kimm, Thomas Kurz, Scott Shaw, and Mark Van Schuyver.
Rhee Chong-chul was a South Korean Master of Taekwondo who arrived to Australia in the 1960s. He is the founder of Rhee Taekwon-Do, which is widely publicised as Australia's first and biggest Taekwondo school. Rhee holds the title 'World Master' and the rank of 8th Dan in Taekwondo. He is one of the twelve Original Masters of Taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association (KTA).[a]
Rhee Ki Ha is a South Korean Grandmaster of Taekwon-Do. He is widely recognised as the 'Father of British Taekwon-Do' for introducing the martial art to the United Kingdom since arriving in 1967. He is also considered the 'Father of Irish Taekwon-Do', and is one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. Following a career in the South Korean military, GM Rhee emigrated to the UK in 1967. He was a notable officer of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) during Choi Hong-hi's leadership.
Park Jung-tae was a South Korean master of taekwondo and a pioneer of that martial art in Canada. He was one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. Following a career in the South Korean military, Park emigrated to Canada in 1970. He was a key leader in the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) under Choi Hong-hi, but founded the Global Taekwon-Do Federation in 1990 after leaving the ITF. After teaching taekwondo for many years, Park died in 2002.
Choi Chang-keun, widely known as C. K. Choi, is a South Korean–Canadian master of taekwondo, and one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. Following a career in the South Korean military, Choi emigrated to Canada in 1969, where he continues to teach his martial art.
Kim Pyung-soo, also known as Kim Soo, is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner.
Nam Tae-hi was a pioneering South Korean master of taekwondo and is known as the "Father of Vietnamese Taekwondo". With Choi Hong-hi, he co-founded the "Oh Do Kwan" and led the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association (KTA).
Han Cha-kyo was a South Korean master of taekwondo, and one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. He held the rank of 9th dan in taekwondo. Following a career in the South Korean military, he emigrated to the United States of America in 1971 with his wife and newborn daughter Nancy Han. He later had another daughter, Catherine Han. After teaching taekwondo for many years in Chicago, he died in 1996.
Park Jong-soo was a South Korean master of taekwondo and one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. He held the rank of 9th dan. Following a career in the South Korean military, he emigrated to Canada in 1968.
Kong Young-il is a South Korean master of taekwondo and one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. He holds the rank of 9th dan. Following a career in the South Korean military, he emigrated to the United States of America in the late 1960s.
Robert J. Howard is an Irish Grandmaster of taekwondo. He is ranked 9th dan black belt and is the first European to have been promoted to Grandmaster by the International Taekwon-Do Federation.
Hwang Kwang-sung is a South Korean grand master of Taekwon-Do, a notable officer of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), only president of KoreAmerica Taekwon-Do Union (KATU), founder and president of Unified International Taekwon-Do Federation.
References
1 2 3 4 5 Choi, H. H. (1972): Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence. Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Park, S. H. (1993): "About the author." In H. H. Choi: Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, pp. 241–274). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation.
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