PJM Interconnection

Last updated
PJM Interconnection LLC
Industry Regional transmission organization
Founded1927;96 years ago (1927)
Headquarters
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, U.S. [1]
Area served
 Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, U.S. [2]
Key people
Manu Asthana (President, CEO) [3]
Members1,111 [2]
Website www.pjm.com
ISOs and RTOs of North America as of 18 March 2021 Rto map.gif
ISOs and RTOs of North America as of 18 March 2021
PJM coal and natural gas electricity generation, 2013-2017 PJM electric generator capacity, capacity factors, and electricitiy generation for coal and natural gas-fired power plants (2013-2017) (31508572458).png
PJM coal and natural gas electricity generation, 2013–2017
During 2013-2017 the PJM Interconnection increased the use of natural gas combined cycle plants while reducing the use of coal-fired plants PJM Interconnection coal and natural gas generating capacity changes (2013-2017) (43566833470).png
During 2013–2017 the PJM Interconnection increased the use of natural gas combined cycle plants while reducing the use of coal-fired plants

PJM Interconnection LLC (PJM) is a regional transmission organization (RTO) in the United States. It is part of the Eastern Interconnection grid operating an electric transmission system serving all or parts of Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

Contents

PJM, headquartered in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, was the world's largest competitive wholesale electricity market until the development of the European Integrated Energy Market in the 2000s. [4] More than 1,000 companies are members of PJM, which serves 65 million people and has 185 gigawatts of generating capacity. With 1,436 electric power generators and 85,103 miles of transmission lines, PJM delivered 783 terawatt-hours of electricity in 2021. [5]

Started in 1927, the pool was renamed the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (PJM) in 1956. The organization continues to integrate additional utility transmission systems into its operations.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates PJM [6] and approves its open access transmission tariff for the wholesale electricity market.

History

In 1927 the Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Philadelphia Electric Company, and Pennsylvania Power & Light Company formed a power pool called the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Interconnection. [7] The purpose of the power pool was to dispatch electric generating plants on a lowest cost basis, thereby reducing the electric costs for all members of the pool. [8]

After Baltimore Gas and Electric Company and General Public Utilities joined in 1956, the pool was renamed the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection, or PJM. [9]

FERC Orders 888, 889 and 2000

From 1996 to 1999, the FERC made a series of decisions which resulted in the restructuring of the U.S. electric utility industry. The FERC's intention in doing so was to open the wholesale power market to new players, with the hope that spurring competition would save consumers $4 to $5 billion per year and encourage technical innovation in the industry. [10]

Order No. 888 (Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-discriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities; Recovery of Stranded Costs by Public Utilities and Transmitting Utilities) directed utility owners of interstate transmission lines to provide FERC with proposed terms (including fee schedules, or "tariffs") under which new market participants would be granted open, non-discriminatory access to move (or "wheel") power through the existing transmission grid. The FERC also ordered electric utilities to functionally separate transmission operations from their power plant and power marketing businesses. This unbundling of functions was aimed at eliminating conflicts of interest that might exist when the same company owned both the transmission system and the generating plants. [11]

Order No. 889 (Open Access Same-Time Information System) was designed to further level the playing field. It required the creation of an electronic system to ensure that all participants in the wholesale power market - new players and traditional electric utilities - had access to the same information about available transmission capacity and prices. [12]

The FERC also endorsed the concept of appointing independent system operators (ISOs) to coordinate, control, and monitor the operation of electrical power systems, usually within a single US state - a function that was traditionally the responsibility of vertically integrated electric utility companies. [13] PJM became an ISO in 1997. The concept of an independent system operator evolved into that of regional transmission organizations (RTOs). FERC's intention was that all U.S. companies owning interstate electric transmission lines would place those facilities under the control of an RTO. [14] In its Order No. 2000 (Regional Transmission Organizations), issued in 1999, FERC specified the minimum capabilities that an RTO should possess in order for the competitive generation market to function as intended. [15] PJM was designated an RTO by the FERC in 2001.

Deregulation and expansion, 2002

In April 2002, Allegheny Power (AP) was the first external control area to join the PJM RTO as a market participant; "PJM Classic" and AP operated as a single control area, filling the roles of balancing authority, interchange authority, market operator and transmission operator.

The Northeast Blackout of 2003

During the Northeast Blackout of 2003, the transmission systems within the PJM operations area largely remained operational and were not affected by the power failure. [9] When the grid separated, a small portion of the Public Service Electric & Gas of New Jersey zone electrically separated from the Eastern Interconnection due to over-frequency relay operations.

Deregulation and expansion, 2004-present

In May 2004, Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) joined PJM as a separate balancing authority operating under the RTO. PJM was able to manage the two territories in a single market by a mechanism known as "the pathway", a set of firm contracts that transferred energy from ComEd through third party control areas to the eastern PJM markets and beyond. In October 2004, American Electric Power (AEP) and Dayton Power & Light (DPL) joined PJM, which allowed PJM to collapse back into a single control area.

In January 2005, Duquesne Light Co. (DLCO) joined PJM. In May 2005, Dominion Virginia Power joined PJM, extending the southern border to North Carolina. FirstEnergy was added to PJM in June 2011, expanding the footprint across northern Ohio to the Michigan border. Areas of Ohio and Kentucky near Cincinnati covered by Duke Energy joined the PJM footprint in January 2012. In 2018, the Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC) integrated into PJM. [16] At this time[ when? ], PJM now borders 22 balancing authorities representing eleven market interfaces.[ citation needed ]

Transmission system planning and upgrades

PJM uses a fifteen-year planning horizon for planning transmission system upgrades. Under PJM's Regional Transmission Expansion Planning (RTEP) process, PJM considers forecasts of load growth and additions of demand response, interconnection requests for new and planned retirements of existing generating plants, and possible solutions to mitigate congestion on the transmission system. [17] If the upgrade involves the construction of a new transmission line, local siting decisions involving the route of the new line are determined by the owner of the line and the state government.

Generation types

As the largest RTO in North America, PJM has a significant role to play in reducing grid emissions.  PJM has "facilitating decarbonization" [18] as one of its three strategic pillars.

PJM presents hourly a pie chart of its energy sources on the main page of its website. [19] It also provides access [20] to an historical hour by hour database of generation by fuel type, summarized here for 2022.

PJM generation by source (MWh)
Carbon-emitting sourcesNon-carbon-emitting sources
167,111,041 Coal 15,964,309 Hydro
331,532,269 Gas 271,360,198 Nuclear
4,055,748Multiple Fuels5,383,905Other Renewables
2,796,223Oil7,153,851 Solar
1,376,685Other32,161,464 Wind
506,871,966total emitting sources332,023,727total non-emitting sources
60.4%% from emitting sources39.6%% from non-emitting sources

PJM seriously lags the rest of the country in adding renewable energy.  According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), in 2021 nationwide 12% of US electric energy was produced by wind and solar. [21] Even a year later in 2022, PJM produced only 4.7% by wind and solar, as seen in the table above, although the PJM Independent Market Monitor reported wind and solar accounted for 6.8% of PJM energy in 2022 [22] which still lags the rest of the country significantly.

The low level of renewable generation on PJM is not improving significantly.  In 2022, PJM was the only RTO which connected more fossil generation than renewables. [23]

Renewable backlog

As of 2022 due to the volume of applications from renewable energy projects PJM has experienced difficulty in evaluating and integrating proposed new projects into its system. This may result in delays in utilization of significant projects that are being built or are planned, delaying the achievement of President Biden's goal of 100 percent carbon-free electricity by 2035. [24] [25] Transition to renewables may also be slowed by features of the PJM pricing models. In an August 2021 letter, the PJM PIEOUG (Public Interest and Environmental Organizations User Group) expressed concern that the capacity market resulted in “unintentional subsidies for fossil fueled resources or barriers to low carbon supply.” [26] Further, PJM has significantly increased interconnection charges.  Since 2019 PJM has charged almost triple (increase from well under $100/Kw to well over $200/Kw) what it charged to interconnect before 2019. [23]

PJM is aware of the large backlog and slow pace in processing generation interconnection (GI) requests, and requested [27] significant changes to its interconnection process, described by PJM as: “... a comprehensive reform of the PJM interconnection process designed to more efficiently and timely process New Service Requests by transitioning from a serial “first-come, first-served” queue approach to a “first-ready, first-served” Cycle approach utilized by other regional transmission organizations (“RTOs”) and stand-alone transmission providers. ” 

FERC approved the new GI process 11/29/22. [28] The PJM press release announcing FERC approval states “The proposal was widely supported by PJM stakeholders, who had worked with PJM to develop the new rules since the April 2021 inception of the Interconnection Process Reform Task Force.”  However, one major stakeholder, the Organization of PJM States, [29] in its comments on the PJM proposal, indicated its recommendation for FERC approval was despite the process being “too slow”, and based on the expectation that much more was to be done to speed up interconnections. [30]

Pricing

Prices are set in PJM by its operation of two markets: an energy market and a capacity market .

Energy Market

The energy market  [31] sets prices, paid to generators and paid by consumers, for the many GWhrs of electrical energy delivered on the PJM grid.  The price is determined by using nodal pricing, also known as locational marginal pricing. [32] PJM publishes a map of energy price levels throughout its area. [33]

Capacity Market

“PJM's capacity market, [34] called the Reliability Pricing Model, ensures long-term grid reliability.”  Market participants are paid for their promise to be able to generate electricity (or reduce demand) three years in the future.  FERC approved a December 2022 PJM proposal to adjust its capacity market operations.  However, in a 2/21/23 press release [35] FERC noted “continuing disputes and frequent complaints about how PJM operates its capacity markets from an array of stakeholders” and FERC stated it will “examine the PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. capacity market and how best to guarantee it achieves the objective of ensuring resource adequacy at just and reasonable rates.” In response to this stated  FERC intent, and in the belief “near-term changes to the Reliability Pricing Model (RPM) are necessary to ensure that PJM can maintain resource adequacy into the future”, the PJM board “decided to implement the Critical Issue Fast Path (CIFP) accelerated stakeholder process mechanism to further pursue stakeholder consensus that would inform a PJM Board decision on a potential FERC filing targeted for October 1, 2023.” [36]

The amount of capacity OPM purchases (and passes costs along to customers) is the amount it needs to serve expected peak load plus a margin to cover possible delivery interruptions such as generator or transmission outages.  The peak load in 2022 was 147,820 MW on July 20. [37] PJM forecasts peak load to increase to 160,971 MW in 2033 and reach 167,567 MW in 2038. [38] As of June 2022, PJM’s stated capacity was 198,152 MW, [39] which is substantially greater than any peak load ever experienced, or any peak load forecast. One analysis concluded that PJM has been purchasing capacity significantly in excess of load plus target reserve margins, which resulted in “consumers paying for more capacity than needed, retaining older capacity that is no longer needed and should be retired, and acquiring new power plants that are not yet needed.” [40] In its “State of the Market Report for PJM” for 2022, [22] The PJM Independent Market Monitor found that noncompetitive outcomes in the capacity market “led to customers being overcharged by a combined $1.454 billion” in the two year period analyzed.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric power transmission</span> Bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site to an electrical substation

Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines that facilitate this movement form a transmission network. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is part of electricity delivery, known as the electrical grid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</span> Independent agency of the United States federal government

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is the United States federal agency that regulates the transmission and wholesale sale of electricity and natural gas in interstate commerce and regulates the transportation of oil by pipeline in interstate commerce. FERC also reviews proposals to build interstate natural gas pipelines, natural gas storage projects, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals, in addition to licensing non-federal hydropower projects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North American Electric Reliability Corporation</span> Non profit Electric Reliability Organization

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is a nonprofit corporation based in Atlanta, Georgia, and formed on March 28, 2006, as the successor to the North American Electric Reliability Council. The original NERC was formed on June 1, 1968, by the electric utility industry to promote the reliability and adequacy of bulk power transmission in the electric utility systems of North America. NERC's mission states that it "is to assure the effective and efficient reduction of risks to the reliability and security of the grid".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public utility</span> Organization which maintains the infrastructure for a public service

A public utility company is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service. Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and regulation ranging from local community-based groups to statewide government monopolies.

In a broad sense, an electricity market is a system that facilitates the exchange of electricity-related goods and services. During more than a century of evolution of the electric power industry, the economics of the electricity markets had undergone enormous changes for reasons ranging from the technological advances on supply and demand sides to politics and ideology. A restructuring of electric power industry at the turn of the 21st century involved replacing the vertically integrated and tightly regulated "traditional" electricity market with multiple competitive markets for electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and retailing. The traditional and competitive market approaches loosely correspond to two visions of industry: the deregulation was transforming electricity from a public service into a tradable good. As of 2020s, the traditional markets are still common in some regions, including large parts of the United States and Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric power industry</span> Industry that provides the production and delivery of electric energy

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The Open Access Same-Time Information System (OASIS), is an Internet-based system for obtaining services related to electric power transmission in North America. It is the primary means by which high-voltage transmission lines are reserved for moving wholesale quantities of electricity. The OASIS concept was originally conceived with the Energy Policy Act of 1992, and formalized in 1996 through Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Orders 888 and 889.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regional transmission organization (North America)</span> Electric power coordinator

A regional transmission organization (RTO) in the United States is an electric power transmission system operator (TSO) that coordinates, controls, and monitors a multi-state electric grid. The transfer of electricity between states is considered interstate commerce, and electric grids spanning multiple states are therefore regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The voluntary creation of RTOs was initiated by FERC Order No. 2000, issued on December 20, 1999. The purpose of the RTO is to promote economic efficiency, reliability, and non-discriminatory practices while reducing government oversight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demand response</span> Techniques used to prevent power networks from being overwhelmed

Demand response is a change in the power consumption of an electric utility customer to better match the demand for power with the supply. Until the 21st century decrease in the cost of pumped storage and batteries electric energy could not be easily stored, so utilities have traditionally matched demand and supply by throttling the production rate of their power plants, taking generating units on or off line, or importing power from other utilities. There are limits to what can be achieved on the supply side, because some generating units can take a long time to come up to full power, some units may be very expensive to operate, and demand can at times be greater than the capacity of all the available power plants put together. Demand response, a type of energy demand management, seeks to adjust in real-time the demand for power instead of adjusting the supply.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midcontinent Independent System Operator</span> Transmission system operator in the United States and Canada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black start</span> Restoring of electric power station without external electric power

A black start is the process of restoring an electric power station or a part of an electric grid to operation without relying on the external electric power transmission network to recover from a total or partial shutdown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ISO New England</span> Oversees the operation of New Englands bulk electric power system

ISO New England Inc. (ISO-NE) is an independent, non-profit Regional Transmission Organization (RTO), headquartered in Holyoke, Massachusetts, serving Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor</span> Power lines designated by the US DOE as needing expansion

A National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor (NIETC) corridor is a geographic region designated by the United States Department of Energy where electricity transmission limitations are adversely affecting American citizens. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 granted the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) the authority to create these regions to increase transmission capacity within a short timeframe. If state and local governments fail to issue permits to increase transmission capacity in these areas, FERC can issue federal permits empowering project directors to use eminent domain to purchase property needed to complete projects.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">North American power transmission grid</span> Series of electrical grids that power the US and Canada

The electrical power grid that powers Northern America is not a single grid, but is instead divided into multiple wide area synchronous grids. The Eastern Interconnection and the Western Interconnection are the largest. Three other regions include the Texas Interconnection, the Quebec Interconnection, and the Alaska Interconnection. Each region delivers power at a nominal 60 Hz frequency. The regions are not usually directly connected or synchronized to each other, but there exist some HVDC interconnectors. The Eastern and Western grids are connected with 1.32 GW.

Resource adequacy in the field of electric power is the ability of the electric grid to satisfy the end-user power demand at any time. RA is a component of the electric system reliability. For example, sufficient unused generation capacity shall be available to the electrical grid at any time to accommodate equipment failures and drops in variable renewable energy sources. The adequacy standard should satisfy the chosen reliability index, typically the loss of load expectation (LOLE) of 1 day in 10 years.

Load serving entity (LSE) in a deregulated electricity market is a company or government agency that is obligated by law or via a long-term contract to provide electrical power to end-users. The term is used in regulation, yet is vague and thus subject to prolonged political wrangling. For example, the US law defines an LSE as an obligation-bound provider of electricity directly to consumers or to a utility that serves the consumers. FERC defines the LSE as "any entity, including a load aggregator or power marketer, that serves end-users within a control area and has been granted the authority or has an obligation pursuant to state or local law, regulation, or franchise to sell electric energy to end-users located within the control area".

References

  1. ↑ "Visiting PJM". PJM Interconnection LLC. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Meaningful Momentum: PJM 2022 Financial Report". PJM Interconnections LLC. December 31, 2022.
  3. ↑ "Executive Team". PJM Interconnection LLC. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  4. ↑ "PJM Annual Financial Report" (pdf).
  5. ↑ "PJM 2021 Annual Report" . Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  6. ↑ "Illinois governor wants clean energy legislation, could push state out of PJM power grid". Reuters. January 30, 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  7. ↑ "PJM - PJM History". www.pjm.com.
  8. ↑ International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 48. St. James Press. 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  9. 1 2 "PJM Timeline" (PDF). 2007-12-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  10. ↑ Tomain, Joseph and Cudahy, Richard (2004). Energy Law in a Nutshell. Thomson-West Group. p. 277. ISBN   9780314150585.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Tomain and Cudahy op cit. pp. 276–277.
  12. ↑ Tomain and Cudahy op cit. p. 277.
  13. ↑ Tomain, Joseph and Cudahy, Richard (2004). Energy Law in a Nutshell. Thomson - West Group. ISBN   9780314150585.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "Order No. 2000" (PDF). Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  15. ↑ "U.S. Energy Law: Electricity (About Regional Transmission Organizations)". George Washington University Law Library.
  16. ↑ Anderson, Jared (December 3, 2018). "PJM completes Ohio Valley Electric Corp. integration". S&P Global Platts. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  17. ↑ "PJM Regional Transmission Expansion Plan". PJM. 2008-02-27.
  18. ↑ Energy Transition in PJM: Frameworks for Analysis
  19. ↑ "PJM - Home". www.pjm.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  20. ↑ Data Miner 2 - Generation by Fuel Type
  21. ↑ "Wind, solar, and batteries increasingly account for more new U.S. Power capacity additions".
  22. 1 2 "State of the Market Report for PJM" (PDF). monitoringanalytics.com. 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  23. 1 2 State of the Markets report
  24. ↑ James Bruggers (February 2, 2022). "Overwhelmed by Solar Projects, the Nation's Largest Grid Operator Seeks a Two-Year Pause on Approvals". Inside Climate News. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  25. ↑ "FACT SHEET: President Biden Sets 2030 Greenhouse Gas Pollution Reduction Target Aimed at Creating Good-Paying Union Jobs and Securing U.S. Leadership on Clean Energy Technologies". whitehouse.gov. White House. April 22, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2022. America's 2030 target picks up the pace of emissions reductions in the United States, compared to historical levels, while supporting President Biden's existing goals to create a carbon pollution-free power sector by 2035 and net zero emissions economy by no later than 2050
  26. ↑ "Stakeholders letter. Phase II Capacity Market Reforms". pjm.com. August 10, 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  27. ↑ FERC document library https://elibrary.ferc.gov/eLibrary/filelist?accession_number=20220614-5102&optimized=false
  28. ↑ PJM News Release 11/30/2022 PJM 11/30/22 new release: https://insidelines.pjm.com/ferc-approves-interconnection-process-reform-plan/
  29. ↑ "Home". Organization of PJM States, Inc.
  30. ↑ 10/31/2022 PV magazine article by William Driscoll https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/10/31/all-13-states-in-pjm-grid-region-call-for-pjm-to-make-faster-progress-on-interconnection/
  31. ↑ PJM - Energy Market
  32. ↑ Neuhoff; Boyd (July 2011). "International Experiences of Nodal Pricing Implementation" (PDF). Climate Policy Initiative .
  33. ↑ "PJM - Locational Marginal Pricing Map". www.pjm.com. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  34. ↑ PJM - Capacity Market (RPM)
  35. ↑ "Commission to Examine PJM Capacity Market Operations | Federal Energy Regulatory Commission". ferc.gov.
  36. ↑ "PJM Board Letter". pjm.com. February 24, 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  37. ↑ "Summer Operations". pjm.com. 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  38. ↑ "2023 load report". pjm.com. 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  39. ↑ "Capacity by fuel type". pjm.com. 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  40. ↑ James F. Wilson (February 2020). "Over-Procurement of Generating Capacity in PJM: Causes and Consequences" (PDF). sierraclub.org. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
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