Related Research Articles
Democracy is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy,rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.
The politics of Indonesia take place in the framework of a presidential representative democratic republic whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the bicameral People's Consultative Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups,or other forms of power relations among individuals,such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science.
Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies. This differs from the majority of currently established democracies,which are representative democracies. The theory and practice of direct democracy and participation as its common characteristic was the core of work of many theorists,philosophers,politicians,and social critics,among whom the most important are Jean Jacques Rousseau,John Stuart Mill,and G.D.H. Cole.
Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society,distinct from government and business,and including the family and the private sphere. By other authors,civil society is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party is a social-democratic political party in Spain. The PSOE has been in government longer than any other political party in modern democratic Spain:from 1982 to 1996 under Felipe González,2004 to 2011 under JoséLuis Rodríguez Zapatero,and since 2018 under Pedro Sánchez.
The Communist Party of Spain is a communist party that,since 1986,has been part of the United Left coalition,which is currently part of Sumar. Two of its politicians are Spanish government ministers:Yolanda Díaz and Sira Rego.
Democratization,or democratisation,is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime,including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.
The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing movements in France,including the French Communist Party (PCF),the socialist SFIO and the Radical-Socialist Republican Party,during the interwar period. Three months after the victory of the Spanish Popular Front,the Popular Front won the May 1936 legislative election,leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Léon Blum and composed of republican and SFIO ministers.
Chantal Mouffe is a Belgian political theorist,formerly teaching at University of Westminster. She is best known for her and Ernesto Laclau's contribution to the development of the so-called Essex School of discourse analysis. She is a strong critic of deliberative democracy and advocates a conflict-oriented model of radical democracy.
The Catholic Church and politics concerns the interplay of Catholicism with religious,and later secular,politics. The Catholic Church's views and teachings have evolved over its history and have at times been significant political influences within nations.
The Spanish transition to democracy,known in Spain as la Transición or la Transición española,is a period of modern Spanish history encompassing the regime change that moved from the Francoist dictatorship to the consolidation of a parliamentary system,in the form of constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos I.
A democracy is a political system,or a system of decision-making within an institution,organization,or state,in which members have a share of power. Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities of their citizens that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government:to intervene in society and have their sovereign held accountable to the international laws of other governments of their kind. Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems,which are ruled by a minority and a sole monarch respectively.
A benevolent dictatorship is a government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state,but is perceived to do so with regard for the benefit of the population as a whole. It stands in contrast to the decidedly malevolent stereotype of a dictator,who focuses on his or her supporters and his or her own self-interests. A benevolent dictator may allow for some civil liberties or democratic decision-making to exist,such as through public referendums or elected representatives with limited power,and can make preparations for a transition to genuine democracy during or after his or her term.
General Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship over Spain began with a coup on 13 September 1923 and ended with his resignation on 28 January 1930. It took place during the wider reign of King Alfonso XIII. In establishing his dictatorship,Primo de Rivera ousted the liberal government led by Prime Minister Manuel García Prieto and initially gained the support of King Alfonso XIII and the army. During the Military Directory (1923–1925),the dictatorship created the official party of the regime,the Unión Patriótica (UP). It also censored the Spanish press and worked to eliminate separatism in Catalonia. Under Primo de Rivera's dictatorship,Spain won the Rif War,where Spanish forces fought Riffian tribes in Morocco.
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality,the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo,and reductions in democracy,separation of powers,and the rule of law. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies","hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states.
Progressivism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform –primarily based on purported advancements in social organization,science,and technology. Adherents hold that progressivism has universal application and endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere. Progressivism arose during the Age of Enlightenment out of the belief that civility in Europe was improving due to the application of new empirical knowledge.
The Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet is a group of four civil society organizations that were central mediators in the effort to consolidate democratic gains and form a lasting constitutional settlement in Tunisia following the unrest and historic regime change of the 2011 Jasmine Revolution.[1]
Democratic backsliding is a process of regime change toward autocracy that makes the exercise of political power by the public more arbitrary and repressive. This process typically restricts the space for public contestation and political participation in the process of government selection. Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions,such as the peaceful transition of power or free and fair elections,or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies,especially freedom of expression. Democratic backsliding is the opposite of democratization.
Political polarization is a prominent component of politics in the United States. Scholars distinguish between ideological polarization and affective polarization,both of which are apparent in the United States. In the last few decades,the U.S. has experienced a greater surge in ideological polarization and affective polarization than comparable democracies.
References
- ↑ February 1, 1993, University of California San Diego, Notice of Department of History awards, honors, fellowships, special projects or publication of books, Retrieved October 15, 2017, "... Pamela B. Radcliff ... received a Fulbright Fellowship ..."
- 1 2 3 The Teaching Company, professor bio page, Pamela Radcliff, Professor Pamela Radcliff, Ph.D., Retrieved October 15, 2017, "....In 1997, she received the Eleanor Roosevelt College Excellence in Teaching Award ... in 1999, she was awarded ... the University of California Distinguished Teaching Award...."
- 1 2 Western Association of Women Historians, Frances Richardson Keller-Sierra Prize, 1998, Pamela Beth Radcliff, From Mobilization to Civil War: The Politics of Polarization in the Spanish City Gijón 1900-1937, (Cambridge University Press, 1997).
- 1 2 3 UC Merced, Spain in the Modern World, Retrieved October 13, 2017, "...Pamela Radcliff is chair of the History Department and a historian of Modern Spain ... research has focused on mass politics, gender, civil society and democratic transitions. ... Making Democratic Citizens explores the grass-roots contribution of ordinary men and women to Spain’s much celebrated democratic transition of the 1970s, ... She has been carrying out research in Madrid for thirty years ... Radcliff ... B.A. from Scripps College and M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University...."
- 1 2 3 4 Cruz 1998.
- ↑ Celia Amoros, August 15, 2009, El Pais, Feminismo y legitimidad democrática (Feminism and democratic legitimacy), Retrieved October 13, 2017, "... Radcliff considers that the style of feminist militancy clashed with that of the political culture of transition..."
- ↑ SD Metro Magazine, October 12, 2011, Daily Business Report — Oct. 12, 2011, Retrieved October 13, 2017, "...Pamela Radcliff, chair of the UCSD History Department and a historian of modern Spain...."
- 1 2 Project Muse, Montserrat Miller, Winter 2013, Journal of Social History, Volume 47, Number 2, Winter 2013, pp. 545-547, Making Democratic Citizens in Spain: Civil Society and the Popular Origins of the Transition by Pamela Beth Radcliff (review), Retrieved October 13, 2017
- 1 2 Seidman 1999, pp. 221–223.
- ↑ Fesefeldt 2006, pp. 269–271.
- 1 2 Messenger 2012, pp. 221–223.
- 1 2 González Madrid 2012, pp. 325–329.
- 1 2 Miller 2000, pp. 206–208.
- ↑ University of Toronto, Library Catalogue, [https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?6020035 Interpreting the 20th century [videorecording] : the struggle over democracy], Chantilly, Virginia, 2004, Retrieved October 13, 2017
- 1 2 The Teaching Company, Interpreting the 20th Century: The Struggle Over Democracy, by Pamela Radcliff, U. California San Diego
- ↑ Digital Commons, Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies, Messenger, David A. (2012) "Review of: Pamela Beth Radcliff, Making Democratic Citizens in Spain: Civil Society and the Popular Origins of the Transition, 1960-1978," Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies: Vol. 37 : Iss. 1, Article 28.
- ↑ Sasha D. Pack, SUNY Buffalo, The Journal of Modern History, Volume 84, Number 4, December 1, 2012, Retrieved October 13, 2017
- ↑ Cambridge Core, April Smith, December 1998, Review, Volume 43, Issue 3, pages 488-498, Retrieved October 13, 2017
- ↑ González Madrid, Damián Alberto, Vínculos de Historia, number 1, 2012, Radcliff, Pamela B., Making democratic citizens in Spain. Civil Society and the Popular Origins of the Transition, 1960-78, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, article, ISSN 2254-6901, pp. 325-329
- ↑ Making Democratic Citizens in Spain: Civil Society and the Popular Origins of the Transition, 1960–78, by Pamela Beth Radcliff, Stephen Jacobson (reviewer), English Historical Review 2013 128: 509-511
- ↑ E Magazine, June 13, 2017, Political Dissent in Democratic Athens- Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule, "...Radcliff ... presentation of modern Spanish history incorporates the latest thinking on key issues of modernity, social movements, nationalism, democratization and democracy...", Retrieved October 13, 2017
- ↑ Fesefeldt 2006.
