Paul Knibbe

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Paul Knibbe or Paulus Knibius or Knibbius (d. 1592) was a Flemish-born lawyer and diplomat in Danish service employed in England and Scotland.

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Early career

Paul Knibbe was born in Tielt in West Flanders.

Knibbe had a doctorate and had taught at Heidelberg university. [1]

Knibbe and the English diplomat Robert Beale went together to the Calvinist Frankfurt Conference in September 1577 and to the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg. [2] In September 1578 William of Orange sent him as his representative to Ghent. In 1581 Knibbe joined the council of William of Orange in Flanders. [3]

Knibbe owned a manuscript of the works of Geoffrey of Monmouth and William of Malmesbury which he gave to his friend at Heidelberg Jerome Commelin for publication in 1587. Knibbe studied and recorded Roman inscriptions, apparently including those in Scotland, corresponding with the French antiquary Jean-Jacques Boissard. [4] This interest in Roman inscriptions was shared by the Scottish ambassador George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, who placed stones from the Antonine Wall in his castle at Dunnottar. [5] Marischal came to Denmark in 1589 to conclude the marriage of Anne of Denmark and James VI. [6]

Knibbe wrote from Vlissingen to the English diplomat Daniel Rogers in March 1587. Rogers had sent him a book of Cecil's reasons for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, which Knibbe had already seen in a Dutch translation. He discussed plans for peace with Spain, and the departure of the Earl of Leicester from the Netherlands. [7] Soon after, Knibbe joined the service of the Danish monarchy.

Danish service

On 5 September 1589 Anne of Denmark set out for Scotland to join her husband James VI. Her company included the Admiral Peder Munk, Breide Rantzau, Knibbe, and Niels Krag. Facing adverse weather and 'contrary winds' the fleet stopped at Flekkerøy near Oslo. Knibbe returned to Copenhagen. [8]

When James VI came to Oslo to meet his bride in November 1589, the Danish council and his mother-in-law Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow sent Knibbe, Corfitz Tønnesen Viffert, and Georg Brahe to greet him and invite him to Copenhagen. [9]

On 26 July 1590 a Scottish embassy including John Skene, Colonel William Stewart, and John Geddie came to Koldinghus and were welcomed by "Dr Paul Knibius". He gave them their letters for James VI when they left. [10]

He maintained a correspondence with the English diplomats Francis Walsingham and Daniel Rogers. [11] [12] In October 1590 Knibbe wrote to Daniel Rogers in London describing ongoing witch trials. Peder Munk's fleet in November 1589 had been threatened by witches led by Margrete the wife of Jakob Skiber, consul in Copenhagen. She was burnt as a witch. [13]

Knibbe arrived in Scotland on 10 July 1591 and came to James VI and Anne of Denmark at Falkland Palace on 18 July. He discussed issues arising from the proposals made by Skene and Colonel Stewart for a peace treaty involving Spain. He brought letters from the Duke of Brunswick written in German, though James VI preferred Latin. [14] Knibbe was instructed to enquire if Anne had been installed in her jointure properties. [15] [16] He brought a letter to the Chancellor of Scotland, John Maitland of Thirlestane asking for his help in this (Maitland owned some of the lands in question). [17] Knibbe had a discussion with Robert Bowes the English diplomat in Edinburgh. [18]

In his company were some Danish gentlemen who escorted a Danish gentlewoman to join the household of Anne of Denmark, who was probably Margaret Vinstarr. They were to bring two gentlewomen home, probably Anne or Sophia Kaas and Katheren Skinkel. [19]

Knibbe was sent as ambassador to England in 1592. [20] He went to Oxford to meet Queen Elizabeth but she was away on her progress. When an audience was arranged, Knibbe fainted when he was helped into a carriage. [21]

He died in London on 5 October 1592. [22]

Christian IV wrote to Queen Elizabeth in June 1593 to request she send his effects to his widow. [23]

Family

His wife Anne was a daughter of Adolf van Meetkercke, President of Flanders, his mother-in-law was Marguerite van Lichtervelde. [24] The historian Emanuel van Meteren mentioned his death in a letter to Abraham Ortelius, and that he left five children. [25]

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Anne of Denmark and contrary winds

Anne of Denmark (1574-1619) was the wife of King James VI and I, and as such Queen of Scotland from their marriage by proxy on 20 August 1589 and Queen of England and Ireland from 24 March 1603 until her death in 1619. When Anne intended to sail to Scotland in 1589 her ship was delayed by adverse weather. Contemporary superstition blamed the delays to her voyage and other misfortunes on "contrary winds" summoned by witchcraft. There were witchcraft trials in Denmark and in Scotland. The King's kinsman, Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell came into suspicion. The Chancellor of Scotland John Maitland of Thirlestane was thought to be Bothwell's enemy, Maitland was lampooned in a poem Rob Stene's Dream, and Anne of Denmark made Maitland her enemy. Historians continue to investigate these significant events.

References

  1. ↑ David Scott Gehring, Diplomatic Intelligence on the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark during the Reigns of Elizabeth I and James VI, Camden Fifth Series, 49 (London, 2016), p. 167 fn. 128.
  2. ↑ David Scott Gehring, Anglo-German Relations and the Protestant Cause: Elizabethan Foreign Policy and Pan-Protestantism (Routledge, 2015), p. 70.
  3. ↑ Loouis Prosper Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, prince d'Orange, vol. 4 (Bruxelles, 1854), pp. 80, 311.
  4. ↑ Biblioteca Verheykiana, sive catalogus librorum Henr. Verheyk (Leiden, 1785), p. 87, a manuscript titled: 'Inscriptiones Romanae, quas Paulus Knibius Regis Scotiae Consiliarius intimus partim ipse videt, partim ex iis, quas vidit Joh. Jac. Boissardus descripsit': Berlin Staatsbibliothek MS A61S.
  5. ↑ Daniel Kemp, Tours in Scotland by Richard Pococke (SHS: Edinburgh, 1887), p. 209: RIB 2173. Distance Slab of the Twentieth Legion
  6. ↑ Miles Kerr-Peterson, A Protestant Lord in James VI's Scotland: George Keith, Fifth Earl Marischal (Boydell: Woodbridge, 2019), p. 50.
  7. ↑ John Strype, Annals of the Reformation, vol. 3 part 1 (Oxford, 1824), pp. 671-5: British Library Lansdowne MS 55.
  8. ↑ David Stevenson, Scotland's Last Royal Wedding (Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 24, 87.
  9. ↑ William Dunn Macray, 'Report on Archives in Denmark', 46th Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London, 1886), p. 32: David Stevenson, Scotland's Last Royal Wedding (Edinburgh, 1997), p. 42.
  10. ↑ David Scott Gehring, Diplomatic Intelligence on the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark during the Reigns of Elizabeth I and James VI, Camden Fifth Series, 49 (London, 2016), pp. 165, 167.
  11. ↑ David Scott Gehring, Diplomatic Intelligence on the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark during the Reigns of Elizabeth I and James VI, Camden Fifth Series, 49 (London, 2016), p. 165 fn. 112.
  12. ↑ Adolphe Chéruel, Marie Stuart et Catherine de Médicis (Paris, 1858), pp. 355-8, Rogers to Knibbe, October 1585 (Latin).
  13. ↑ Liv Helene Willumsen, 'Witchcraft against Royal Danish Ships in 1589 and the Transnational Transfer of Ideas', IRSS, 45 (2020), pp. 72-6
  14. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scoptland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 546.
  15. ↑ William Dunn Macray, 'Report on Archives in Denmark', 46th Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London, 1886), p. 34.
  16. ↑ Thomas Riis, Should Auld Acquaintance be Forgot, vol. 2 (Odense, 1988), p. 288.
  17. ↑ William Fraser, Memorials of the Earls of Haddington, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1889), pp. 63-4.
  18. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 549-50.
  19. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 546: See also, Tycho Hofman, Portraits historiques des hommes illustres de Dannemark (Copenhagen, 1746), p. 76.
  20. ↑ Thomas Rymer, Foedera, vol. 16 (London, 1715), pp. 169-71
  21. ↑ Edward Cheyney, 'England and Denmark in the Later Days of Queen Elizabeth', Journal of Modern History, 1:1 (March, 1929), p. 12.
  22. ↑ Regesta diplomatica historiæ: Index chronolgicus, 2:1 (Copenhagen, 1895), p. 749.
  23. ↑ William Dunn Macray, 'Report on Archives in Denmark', 46th Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London, 1886), p. 35.
  24. ↑ William Dunn Macray, 'Report on Archives in Denmark', 45th Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London, 1885), p. 51.
  25. ↑ Christopher Joby, The Dutch Language in Britain (Leiden, 2015), pp. 214-5.
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