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The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada. It comprises nine justices,whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law,and grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial,territorial and federal appellate courts. The Supreme Court is bijural,hearing cases from two major legal traditions and bilingual,hearing cases in both official languages of Canada.
Same-sex marriage was progressively introduced in several provinces and territories of Canada by court decisions beginning in 2003 before being legally recognized nationwide with the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act on July 20,2005. On June 10,2003,the Court of Appeal for Ontario issued a decision immediately legalizing same-sex marriage in Ontario,thereby becoming the first province where it was legal. The introduction of a federal gender-neutral marriage definition made Canada the fourth country in the world,and the first country outside Europe,to legally recognize same-sex marriage throughout its borders. Before the federal recognition of same-sex marriage,court decisions had already introduced it in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories,whose residents collectively made up about 90 percent of Canada's population. More than 3,000 same-sex couples had already married in those areas before the Civil Marriage Act was passed. Most legal benefits commonly associated with marriage had been extended to cohabiting same-sex couples since 1999.
The legal system of Canada is pluralist:its foundations lie in the English common law system,the French civil law system,and Indigenous law systems developed by the various Indigenous Nations.
The Canadian Security Intelligence Service is a foreign intelligence service of the federal government of Canada It is responsible for gathering,processing,and analyzing national security information from around the world and conducting covert action within Canada and abroad. As a principal member of the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency (NSIRA),the CSIS reports to the Minister of Public Safety on national security issues and situations that threaten the security of the nation.
The Canada Revenue Agency is the revenue service of the Canadian federal government,and most provincial and territorial governments. The CRA collects taxes,administers tax law and policy,and delivers benefit programs and tax credits. Legislation administered by the CRA includes the Income Tax Act, parts of the Excise Tax Act,and parts of laws relating to the Canada Pension Plan,employment insurance (EI),tariffs and duties. The agency also oversees the registration of charities in Canada,and enforces much of the country's tax laws.
A federal prison is operated under the jurisdiction of a federal government as opposed to a state or provincial body. Federal prisons are used for convicts who violated federal law,inmates considered dangerous (Brazil),or those sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment (Canada). Not all federated countries have a legal concept of "federal prison".
Patriation is the political process that led to full Canadian sovereignty,culminating with the Constitution Act,1982. The process was necessary because,at the time,under the Statute of Westminster,1931,and with Canada's agreement,the British Parliament retained the power to amend Canada's British North America Acts and to enact,more generally,for Canada at the request and with the consent of the Dominion. That authority was removed from the UK by the enactment of the Canada Act,1982,on March 29,1982,by the Parliament of the United Kingdom,as requested by the Parliament of Canada.
The Constitution Act,1867,originally enacted as the British North America Act,1867,is a major part of the Constitution of Canada. The act created a federal dominion and defines much of the operation of the Government of Canada,including its federal structure,the House of Commons,the Senate,the justice system,and the taxation system. In 1982,with the patriation of the Constitution,the British North America Acts which were originally enacted by the British Parliament,including this Act,were renamed. However,the acts are still known by their original names in records of the United Kingdom. Amendments were also made at this time:section 92A was added,giving provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources.
The Federal Court of Canada,which succeeded the Exchequer Court of Canada in 1971,was a national court of Canada that had limited jurisdiction to hear certain types of disputes arising under the federal government's legislative jurisdiction. Originally composed of two divisions,the Appellate Division and the Trial Division,in 2003 the Court was split into two separate Courts,the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal. The jurisdiction and powers of the two courts remained largely unchanged from the predecessor divisions.
The Court of Appeal for Ontario is the appellate court for the province of Ontario,Canada. The seat of the court is Osgoode Hall in downtown Toronto.
The court system of Canada is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. In the courts,the judiciary interpret and apply the law of Canada. Some of the courts are federal in nature,while others are provincial or territorial.
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The Federal Court is a Canadian trial court that hears cases arising under certain areas of federal law. The Federal Court is a superior court with nationwide jurisdiction.
The Province of Manitoba,similar to other Canadian provinces and territories,is governed through a Westminster-based parliamentary system. The Manitoba government's authority to conduct provincial affairs is derived from the Constitution of Canada,which divides legislative powers among the federal parliament and the provincial legislatures. Manitoba operates through three branches of government:the executive,the legislative,and the judicial. The executive branch—the Government of Manitoba—consists of the Executive Council and the Premier,who is the head of government and the President of the Executive Council. The legislative branch—the Manitoba Legislature—is composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly,which is composed of the 57 members (MLAs) elected to represent the people of Manitoba,as well as the Speaker,the Clerk,the Officers of the Legislative Assembly,and the employees of the legislative service.
Marc Nadon LL.L. is a supernumerary judge on the Canadian Federal Court of Appeal. He has practised law in both Quebec and the United Kingdom,focusing on maritime and transportation law. He was also an arbitrator and former lecturer in law at the Universitéde Sherbrooke. Nadon was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to be a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada in October 2013. Following controversy about the appointment,the federal government referred the constitutionality of the appointment to the Supreme Court of Canada. In their decision in Reference Re Supreme Court Act,ss 5 and 6,the Supreme Court quashed his appointment,concluding he did not meet the eligibility criteria provided in the Supreme Court Act.
Cecily Y. Strickland is a justice with the Federal Court of Canada. Before her appointment she was a lawyer at the firm Stewart McKelvey in St. John's,Newfoundland and Labrador. She is a graduate of the Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland and Dalhousie Law School,now known as Schulich School of Law.
The Honourable or The Honorable is an honorific style that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people,usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions.
References
- ↑ "Federal Court (Canada) - About the Court - Former Judges and Prothonotaries". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
- ↑ "Judicial Biography" . Retrieved September 10, 2013.
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