Established | 1784 |
---|---|
Dissolved | 1849 |
Location | Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1802-1827) |
Key holdings | Peale's mastodon |
Founder | Charles Willson Peale |
The Philadelphia Museum was an early museum in Philadelphia started by the painter Charles Willson Peale and continued by his family. It was opened in 1784 as an art museum and added a natural history collection in 1786. The exhibits included the first nearly complete skeleton of the mastodon, a relative of the mammoth. Peale died in 1827 and the collection was sold in 1849 and 1854.
Peale opened the Philadelphia Museum in his home at Third and Lombard Streets in 1784. The first exhibition was a collection of forty-four portraits of "worthy personages" from the American Revolutionary War. [1] Two years later, in 1786, he advertised his museum as a repository for natural curiosities. [2] In addition to portraits the museum's collection eventually included natural history specimens, fossils, archaeological finds, native American and Asian objects and curiosities. Peale preserved his animal specimens using the methods of Edme-Louis Daubenton, however the results were not satisfactory. He therefore tried other methods and found that arsenic or mercuric chloride were more effective. [2] In 1794 Peale accepted the post of librarian at the American Philosophical Society and moved his home and museum to their building at Fifth and Chestnut Streets. [1]
In 1801 Peale visited a farm in New York State to view some recently discovered bones of a mastodon, an extinct relative of the European mammoth which was then known as the Great Incognitum. He agreed to pay the farmer $200 for the bones already discovered and $100 for permission to find the remaining bones. The excavation involved draining a 12 foot pit and took six weeks, [3] but eventually the first nearly complete skeleton of the species was recovered. [4] As the skeleton was incomplete Peale's son Rembrandt carved wooden replicas with the help of the sculptor William Rush and Moses Williams, a formerly enslaved person. [4] This was only the second time that a fossil skeleton had been mounted, the previous example being a megatherium assembled in Madrid. [5] The skeleton was unveiled in December as a separate exhibit costing 50¢, in addition to 25¢ to visit the museum. [3] Peale commemorated the excavation with his painting of 1806–1808 The Exhumation of the Mastodon. [3] The skeleton was purchased by the naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1854 and is now in the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt in Germany. Peale also reconstructed a second skeleton, which was later displayed in the Peale Museum in Baltimore, then purchased by John Collins Warren and eventually acquired by the American Museum of Natural History in New York. [6]
In 1802 the museum moved again to Independence Hall, the former Pennsylvania statehouse. Peale retired in 1810 and left the running of the museum to his son Rubens. The museum was incorporated as the Philadelphia Museum Company in 1821. [7] In 1822 Peale painted The Artist in His Museum , a self portrait with his museum in the Long Room of the Independence Hall in the background. [8]
In 1814 Peale's son Rembrandt opened a second Peale Museum in Baltimore, which was the first purpose built museum building in the United States. [9] Rubens opened a third museum in New York in 1825. [10] In the 1840s the Peale museums suffered from declining revenue and competition from the showman P. T. Barnum, who opened his American Museum in New York in 1842. The New York Peale museum was closed in 1842 and the Baltimore museum in 1845, their contents being sold to Barnum. [9]
Peale died in 1827 and the museum moved again to Chestnut Street Arcade. Later Peale's son Titian took over and then his grandson Edmund. [9] In 1838 the museum moved to a newly constructed building at Ninth and Sansom streets, which was also known as the Chinese Museum as it initially housed the Chinese collection of Nathan Dunn, one of its directors, in its lower story. That building burned down in 1854 [7] The majority of the Philadelphia collection was sold to P. T. Barnum and Moses Kimball in 1849 and was subsequently lost or destroyed. The portrait collection was auctioned in 1854 and some of it was bought by the City of Philadelphia for display in Independence Hall. [1]
Charles Willson Peale was an American painter, soldier, scientist, inventor, politician, and naturalist.
Rembrandt Peale was an American artist and museum keeper. A prolific portrait painter, he was especially acclaimed for his likenesses of presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Peale's style was influenced by French neoclassicism after a stay in Paris in his early thirties.
Johann Jakob von Kaup was a German naturalist. A proponent of natural philosophy, he believed in an innate mathematical order in nature and he attempted biological classifications based on the Quinarian system. Kaup is also known for having coined popular prehistoric taxa like Pterosauria, Machairodus, Deinotherium, Dorcatherium, and Chalicotherium.
Titian Ramsay Peale was an American artist, naturalist, and explorer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a scientific illustrator whose paintings and drawings of wildlife are known for their beauty and accuracy.
The Peale is a community museum in Baltimore, Maryland, which opened in 2022 after a 5-year renovation. It occupies the first building in the Western Hemisphere to be designed and built specifically as a museum.
The La Salle University Art Museum is located in the basement of Olney Hall at La Salle University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The museum features six galleries. Collections include European and American art from the Renaissance to the present. Special collections including paper, Japanese prints, rare illustrated Bibles, Indian miniatures, African carvings and implements, Pre-Columbian pottery and Ancient Greek ceramics. Changing exhibits are held of historic and contemporary art drawn from the collections and from outside collections.
Peale may refer to:
The Artist in His Museum is an 1822 self-portrait by the American painter Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827). It depicts the 81-year-old artist posed in Peale's Museum, then occupying the second floor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The nearly life-size painting is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Anna Claypoole Peale was an American painter who specialized in portrait miniatures on ivory and still lifes. She and her sister, Sarah Miriam Peale, were the first women elected academicians of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Rubens Peale was an American museum administrator and artist. Born in Philadelphia, he was the son of artist-naturalist Charles Willson Peale. Due to his weak eyesight, he did not practice painting seriously until the last decade of his life, when he painted still life.
The Peale's Barber Farm Mastodon Exhumation Site, near Montgomery, New York, is one of three sites of an 1801 exhumation of a mastodon which became "the world's first fully articulated prehistoric skeleton". The exhumation was led by artist/scientist Charles Willson Peale, owner of the Philadelphia Museum.
Sarah Miriam Peale was an American portrait painter, considered the first American woman to succeed as a professional artist. One of a family of artists of whom her uncle Charles Willson Peale was the most illustrious, Sarah Peale painted portraits mainly of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C. notables, politicians, and military figures. Lafayette sat for her four times.
Charles Coleman Sellers was an American historian, biographer, and librarian who won the Bancroft Prize in 1970 for his biography of American painter Charles Willson Peale. Sellers was a long-time librarian at Dickinson College and also held positions at Wesleyan University and the Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library.
Mary Jane Peale was an American painter. She was the child of Rubens and Eliza Burd Patterson Peale, the only daughter among seven children, and was the granddaughter of Charles Willson Peale. She was among the last members of the Peale family to paint professionally, studying with her uncle Rembrandt and with Thomas Sully in Philadelphia, and was enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.
Rubens Peale with a Geranium is an 1801 oil painting by American artist Rembrandt Peale. It is a portrait of Peale's younger brother, Rubens, who helped run the family museums and raised plants and animals. It is an early painting by Rembrandt Peale, painted when he was 23 and Rubens was 17. It is signed "Rem Peale 1801". The National Gallery of Art describes it as "among the finest portraits in the history of American art".
Rosalba Carriera Peale was an American portraitist, landscape painter, and lithographer. She was the eldest daughter of artist Rembrandt Peale and granddaughter of Charles Willson Peale.
Sophonisba Angusciola (Peale) Sellers, known by the nickname "Sopy," was an early American ornithologist and artist. She was also a noted quilt-maker and a surviving example of her work is preserved in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. She is recognized as the first woman in America to collect and prepare bird specimens for scientific study.
Joseph Harrison Jr. was an American mechanical engineer, financier and art collector. He made a fortune building locomotives for Russia, and was decorated by Czar Nicholas I for completing the Saint Petersburg-Moscow Railway.
The research history of Mammut is extensive given its complicated taxonomic and non-taxonomic histories, with the earliest recorded fossil finds dating back to 1705 in Claverack, New York during the colonial era of what is now the United States of America. Initially thought to belong to biblical antediluvian giants, the fossils were later determined to belong to a proboscidean species as a result of more complete 18th century finds from the locality of Big Bone Lick in what is now Kentucky. The molars were studied by European and American naturalists, who were generally baffled on its lack of analogue to modern elephants, leading to varying hypothesis on the affinities of the teeth. More complete skeletons were found after the independence of the United States colonies from Great Britain within the early 19th century. American historians of the 21st century have made arguments that the early history of M. americanum finds and studies played major roles in shaping American nationalism on the basis of the large sizes and relative completeness of the fossils to disprove the negative theory of social degeneracy in North America.
The Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts, sometimes referred to as the Baltimore Museum Theatre or simply the Baltimore Museum, was a theatre and dime museum in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, located at the corners of Baltimore and Calvert streets. It was originally the second location of Rubens Peale's Baltimore Museum which occupied the second floor of the building beginning in January 1830. In 1834, it was renamed the Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts after the enterprise was taken over by Edmund Peale, the nephew of Rubens. Edmund operated the business until it was purchased by P. T. Barnum in 1845. In 1847, the building underwent a major reconstruction to turn it into a proper theatre venue. After this, it was often referred to as the Baltimore Museum Theatre. In 1861, the theatre came under the management of George Kunkel who re-named the venue Kunkel's Ethiopian Opera House. After Kunkel left in 1864, the venue was used more as a bar and place for public dances rather than a theatre. It was destroyed by fire on December 12, 1873.