Pedro JoséRamón Gual Escandón (17 January 1783 –6 May 1862),was a Venezuelan lawyer,politician,journalist and diplomat.
During the Venezuelan War of Independence he came to the United States to buy weapons for the Patriots. In 1815 he came to stay in the home of Manuel Torres. With Torres and other agents he helped organize General Francisco Xavier Mina's ill-fated expedition to Mexico,with Gual acting as Mina's press agent. Gual was one of the men who signed Gregor MacGregor's commission to invade Spanish Florida thru Amelia Island in 1817,which offended President James Monroe's administration;thereafter he left the U.S. [1]
In 1824 as chancellor of Great Colombia he negotiated with the U.S. diplomat Richard Clough Anderson Jr. and concluded the Anderson–Gual Treaty,the first bilateral treaty that the U.S. signed with another American state. He was the president of Venezuela for three periods (1858,1859,and 1861) and a member of the Conservative Centralist party.
Antonio Joséde Sucre y Alcalá,known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho",was a Venezuelan general and politician who served as the president of Bolivia from 1825 to 1828. A close friend and associate of Simón Bolívar,he was one of the primary leaders of South America's struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire.
JoséAntonio Páez Herrera was a Venezuelan politician and military officer who served as the president of Venezuela three times. The first as the 5th president from 1830 to 1835,the second as the 8th president from 1839 to 1843,and the third as the 15th president from 1861 to 1863. He fought against the Spanish Crown for Simón Bolívar during the Venezuelan War of Independence. Páez later led Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia.
The military and political career of Simón Bolívar,which included both formal service in the armies of various revolutionary regimes and actions organized by himself or in collaboration with other exiled patriot leaders during the years from 1811 to 1830,was an important element in the success of the independence wars in South America. Given the unstable political climate during these years,Bolívar and other patriot leaders,such as Santiago Mariño,Manuel Piar,JoséFrancisco Bermúdez and Francisco de Paula Santander often had to go into exile in the Caribbean or nearby areas of Spanish America that at the moment were controlled by those favoring independence,and from there,carry on the struggle. These wars resulted in the creation of several South American states out of the former Spanish colonies,the currently existing Venezuela,Colombia,Ecuador,Peru and Bolivia,and the now defunct Gran Colombia.
The Venezuelan War of Independence was one of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early nineteenth century,when independence movements in South America fought a civil war for secession and against unity of the Spanish Empire,emboldened by Spain's troubles in the Napoleonic Wars.
Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada also known as the Liberation Campaign of 1819 was part of the Colombian and Venezuelan wars of independence and was one of the many military campaigns fought by Simón Bolívar. In 1819 Bolívar led a combined New Granadan and Venezuelan Army in a campaign to liberate New Granada which had been under Spanish control since 1816.
Cúcuta,officially San Joséde Cúcuta,is a Colombian municipality,capital of the department of Norte de Santander and nucleus of the Metropolitan Area of Cúcuta. The city is located in the homonymous valley,at the foot of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes,on the border with Venezuela. It comprises an area of approximately 1119 km2,with an urban area of 64 km2 and a rural area of 1055 km2. The city has a population of 777,106 inhabitants,which makes it the most populous municipality in the department and the sixth most populous municipality in the country. Similarly,its metropolitan area has an approximate population of 1,046,347.
The Battle of Boyacá (1819),also known as the Battle of BoyacáBridge was a decisive victory by a combined army of Venezuelan and New Granadan troops along with a British Legion led by General Simon Bolivar over the III Division of the Spanish Expeditionary Army of Costa Firme commanded by Spanish Colonel JoséBarreiro. This victory ensured the success of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada. The battle of Boyaca is considered the beginning of the independence of the north of South America,and is considered important because it led to the victories of the battle of Carabobo in Venezuela,Pichincha in Ecuador,and Junín and Ayacucho in Peru. New Granada acquired its definitive independence from the Spanish Monarchy,although fighting with royalist forces would continue for years.
Francisco Joséde Paula Santander y Omaña was a Neogranadine military and political leader who served as Vice-President of Gran Colombia between 1819 and 1826,and was later elected by Congress as the President of the Republic of New Granada between 1832 and 1837. Santander played a pivotal role in the Colombian War of Independence being one of the main leaders of the Patriot forces and helped lead the Patriot Army alongside Simón Bolívar to victory. He's often credited with creating the legal foundations for democracy in Colombia,as well as creating the country's first system of public education. For these reasons he is considered a National Hero in Colombia and has thus commonly been known as "The Man of the Laws" as well as the "Organizer of Victory".
Rafael JoséUrdaneta y Farías was a Venezuelan General and hero of the Spanish American wars of independence. He served as President of Gran Colombia from 1830 until 1831. He was an ardent supporter of Simón Bolívar and one of his most trusted and loyal allies.
The Battle of Carabobo,on 24 June 1821,was fought between independence fighters,led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar,and the Royalist forces,led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre. Bolívar's decisive victory at Carabobo led to the independence of Venezuela and establishment of the Republic of Gran Colombia.
Fray JoséServando Teresa de Mier Noriega y Guerra was a Roman Catholic priest,preacher,and politician in New Spain. He was imprisoned several times for his controversial beliefs,and lived in exile in Spain,France and England. His sermons and writings presented revisionist theological and historical opinions that supported republicanism.
Gran Colombia,also known as Greater Colombia and officially the Republic of Colombia,was a state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern North America from 1819 to 1831. It included present-day Colombia,mainland Ecuador,Panama,and Venezuela,along with parts of northern Peru,northwestern Brazil,and claimed the Essequibo region. The terms Gran Colombia and Greater Colombia are used historiographically to distinguish it from the current Republic of Colombia,which is also the official name of the former state.
Manuel Rodríguez Torices was a Neogranadine statesman,lawyer,journalist,and Precursor of the Independence of Colombia. He was part of the Triumvirate of the United Provinces of New Granada in 1815,and served as Vice President of the United Provinces after the triumvirate. He was executed during the Reign of Terror of Pablo Morillo in 1816.
JoséRafael Revenga y Hernández was a minister of foreign affairs of Gran Colombia (1819–1821).
Fortín Solano is an eighteenth-century colonial fortification overlooking Puerto Cabello,Venezuela. With the Castillo San Felipe,an earlier fort built at sea level,it formed part of a complex of fortifications designed to protect Puerto Cabello and its important harbour from naval attacks. It was constructed c. 1766 by order of Don JoséSolano y Bote on behalf of the King of Spain. It has been described as the last military construction built in Venezuela during the colonial era.
Miguel de la Torre y Pando,conde de Torrepando was a Spanish General,Governor and Captain General,who served in Spain,Venezuela,Colombia and Puerto Rico during the Spanish American wars of independence and afterwards.
Manuel de Trujillo y Torres was a Colombian publicist and diplomat. He is best known for being received as the first ambassador of Colombia by U.S. President James Monroe on June 19,1822. This act represented the first U.S. recognition of a former Spanish colony's independence.
The Treaty of Guayaquil,officially the Treaty of Peace Between Colombia and Peru,and also known as the Larrea–Gual Treaty after its signatories,was a peace treaty signed between Gran Colombia and Peru in 1829 that officially put an end to the Gran Colombia–Peru War. The treaty called for the removal of troops and the restoration of the status quo ante bellum.
The Venezuelan independence was the juridical-political process that put an end to the ties between the Captaincy General of Venezuela and the Spanish Empire. It also implied the replacement of the absolute monarchy by the republic as the form of government in Venezuela.