The Pegnesischer Blumenorden (English: Pegnitz Flower Society; Latin: Societas Florigera ad Pegnesum; abbr. P.Bl.O.) is a German literary society that was founded in Nuremberg in 1644. It is the sole Baroque literary society that remains active today. The name derived from the river Pegnitz, which flows through Nuremberg.
The Society was founded in 1644 by the poets Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and Johann Klaj on the model of the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Fruitbearing Society). Members called themselves Pegnitzschäfer (Pegnitz shepherds). The stated goal of the society was the "support and improvement of German language and poetry." [1]
After the deaths of Klaj and Harsdörffer (1656, 1658, resp.), Sigmund von Birken revived the Society and became its director until his death in 1681. Under his leadership a total of almost 60 new members were inducted. Unusually for the time, Birken also allowed women to join; a total of 14 did so. The best known among these was Maria Catharina Stockfleth (1634–1692).
The 1660s and 1670s saw the society at its most fertile; its members produced many pastorals in the style of Virgil and Opitz.
After Birken's death the Society began a slow decline. His successors Martin Limburger and Magnus Daniel Omeis were not especially successful in their attempt to promote and propagate the florid Baroque style in the 18th century, by which time the more structured neoclassical style had become the norm. Nevertheless, the society has continually maintained a membership of some sort, and remains active to this day.
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Nuremberg is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 541.000 inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany. On the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it lies in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, and is the largest city and the unofficial capital of Franconia. Nuremberg forms with the neighbouring cities of Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach a continuous conurbation with a total population of 800,376 (2019), which is the heart of the urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has approximately 3.6 million inhabitants. The city lies about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area.
Georg Philipp Harsdörffer was a Jurist, Baroque-period German poet and translator.
Johann Klaj was a German poet.
The Pegnitz is a river in Franconia in the German state of Bavaria.
Justus Georg Schottelius was a German grammarian, best known for his publications on German grammar, language theory and poetics.
The Fruitbearing Society was a German literary society founded in 1617 in Weimar by German scholars and nobility. Its aim was to standardize vernacular German and promote it as both a scholarly and literary language, after the pattern of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence and similar groups already thriving in Italy, followed in later years also in France (1635) and Britain.
L'huomo di lettere difeso ed emendato by the Ferrarese Jesuit Daniello Bartoli (1608-1685) is a two-part treatise on the man of letters bringing together material he had assembled over twenty years since his entry in 1623 into the Society of Jesus as a brilliant student, a successful teacher of rhetoric and a celebrated preacher. His international literary success with this work led to his appointment in Rome as the official historiographer of the Society of Jesus and his monumental Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu (1650-1673).
Nuremberg Funnel is a jocular description of a mechanical way of learning and teaching. On the one hand, it evokes the image of a student learning his lessons with this kind of teaching method almost without effort and on the other hand, a teacher teaching everything to even the "stupidest" pupil. Can also reference forceful teaching of someone's ideas, ideology, etc.
Seelewig or Das geistliche Waldgedicht oder Freudenspiel genant Seelewig is an opera in a prologue, three acts and an epilogue by the German composer Sigmund Theophil Staden.
Michael Kongehl was a German baroque poet.
Georg Neumark was a German poet and composer of hymns.
The city walls are the medieval defensive mechanism surrounding the old city of Nuremberg, Germany. Construction started in the 12th century and ended officially in the 16th century. They measured 5 kilometers around the old town. The Nuremberg Castle together with the city wall is meant to be one of Europe's most considerable medieval defensive systems.
The Imperial City of Nuremberg was a free imperial city – independent city-state – within the Holy Roman Empire. After Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages and considerable territory from Bavaria in the Landshut War of Succession, it grew to become one of the largest and most important Imperial cities, the 'unofficial capital' of the Empire, particularly because numerous Imperial Diets and courts met at Nuremberg Castle between 1211 and 1543. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, Nuremberg became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time. The Golden Bull of 1356, issued by Emperor Charles IV, named Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, making Nuremberg one of the three highest cities of the Empire.
The Elbschwanenorden was a literary association of the Baroque, founded between 1656 and 1660, dissolved in 1667. It was initiated by the poet and Protestant minister Johann Rist in Wedel and is named after the situation of the town on the lower Elbe. One of the goals was to maintain the integrity of the German language.
Johann Michael Dilherr was a German Protestant theologian and philologist at the universities of Jena and Atldorf (Nuremberg).
The bombing of Nuremberg was a series of air raids carried out by allied forces of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) that caused heavy damage throughout the city from 1940 through 1945.
Helene von Forster was a German women's rights activist and author. She is considered the most important representative of the feminist movement's moderate "bourgeois" wing in Nuremberg.
Barbara Helena Preißler, Preissler or Preisler, married Oeding was a German miniature painter and copper engraver, as well as creator of objects in ivory, wax and alabaster, and a poet.
