Brevianamides are indole alkaloids that belong to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced as secondary metabolites of fungi in the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus. Structurally similar to paraherquamides, they are a small class compounds that contain a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazoctane ring system. One of the major secondary metabolites in Penicillium spores, they are responsible for inflammatory response in lung cells.
Secalonic acids are a group of chiral dimeric tetrahydroxanthones closely related to ergoflavin and ergochrysin A that are collectively called ergochromes and belong to a class of mycotoxins initially isolated as major ergot pigments from the fungi Claviceps purpurea that grows parasitically on rye grasses. From early times and particularly in medieval Europe the consumption of grains containing ergot has repeatedly lead to mass poisonings known as ergotism which was caused by toxic ergot alkaloids and mycotoxins such as the ergochromes, due to contamination of flour by C. purpurea. A cluster of genes responsible for the synthesis of secalonic acids in C. purpurea has been identified. Secalonic acid D the enantiomer of secalonic acid A is a major environmental toxin, isolated from the fungus Penicillium oxalicum, and is a major microbial contaminant of freshly-harvested corn which causes toxicity through contamination of foodstuffs.
Fellutanine A, B, C and D are bio-active diketopiperazine alkaloids isolated from the cultures of Penicillium fellutanum, that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines. Originally they were thought to be based on the "trans" cyclic dipetide cyclo(L-Trp-D-Trp) but were later shown to be based on the "cis" cyclic dipetide cyclo(L-Trp-L-Trp). This was also confirmed when fellutanine A, B and C were isolated from Penicillium simplicissimum. The fellutanines A−C, are non-annulated analogues of cyclo(L-Trp-L-Trp), but unlike their diannulated analogue fellutanine D are not cytotoxic.
The Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation (CPRI) is a University of Kentucky-based research center established by the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy in 2012 to facilitate academic translational research and drug discovery/drug development. The UK CPRI specializes in natural product-based drug discovery from microbes found within unique environments including underground and surface coal mines, acid mine drainage and mine reclamation sites, thermal vents associated with underground coal mine fires and deep-well drilling for carbon sequestration. CPRI also provides core support for medicinal chemistry, assay development and screening, rational drug design, computational chemistry, and ADMET. The Center collaborates with investigators focused on drug discovery or development research in the areas of cancer, drug and alcohol addiction, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, regenerative medicine and neurodegenerative disease.
Penicillium brefeldianum is an anamorph fungus species of the genus of Penicillium which produces Brefeldin A a fungal metabolite.
Penicillium brocae is a fungus species of the genus of Penicillium which was isolated in Chiapas in Mexico.Penicillium brocae produces brocazine A, brocazine B, brocazine C, brocazine D, brocazine F, bisthiodiketopiperazine and the polyketides brocaenol A, brocaenol B, brocaenol C
Penicillium chermesinum is an anamorph fungus species of the genus of Penicillium which was isolated from soil from Nova Scotia in Canada.Penicillium chermesinum produces plastatin, luteosporin, xanthomegnin, azaphilones, p-terphenyls and costaclavine.
Penicillium citrinum is an anamorph, mesophilic fungus species of the genus of Penicillium which produces tanzawaic acid A-D, ACC, Mevastatin, Quinocitrinine A, Quinocitrinine B, and nephrotoxic citrinin. Penicillium citrinum is often found on moldy citrus fruits and occasionally it occurs in tropical spices and cereals. This Penicillium species also causes mortality for the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Because of its mesophilic character, Penicillium citrinum occurs worldwide. The first statin (Mevastatin) was 1970 isolated from this species.
Penicillium dipodomyicola is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces peniphenone A, peniphenone B, peniphenone C, peniphenone D, cyclopiazonic acid and patulin.
Penicillium janczewskii is an anamorph and filamentous species of the genus of Penicillium which was isolated from the rhizosphere of Vernonia herbacea. Penicillium janczewskii produces griseofulvin
Penicillium oxalicum is an anamorph species of the genus Penicillium which was isolated from rhizosphere soil of pearl millet. Penicillium oxalicum produces secalonic acid D, chitinase, oxalic acid, oxaline and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and occurs widespread in food and tropical commodities. This fungus could be used against soilborne diseases like downy mildew of tomatoes
Penicillium paneum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which can spoil cereal grains. Penicillium paneum produces 1-Octen-3-ol and penipanoid A, penipanoid B, penipanoid C, patulin and roquefortine C
Penicillium simplicissimum is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which can promote plant growth. This species occurs on food and its primary habitat is in decaying vegetations Penicillium simplicissimum produces verruculogene, fumitremorgene B, penicillic acid, viridicatumtoxin, decarestrictine G, decarestrictine L, decarestrictine H, decarestrictine I, decarestrictine K decarestrictine M, dihydrovermistatin, vermistatin and penisimplicissin
Penicillium solitum is an anamorph, mesophilic, salinity-tolerant, psychrotolerant species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces polygalacturonase, compactin, cyclopenin, cyclopenol, cyclopeptin, dehydrocompactin, dihydrocyclopeptin, palitantin, solistatin, solistatinol, viridicatin, viridicatol. This species was isolated from air dried lamb thighs, on Faore Island. Penicillium solitum and Eurotium rubrum are the species which are found during the production of traditional produced Tyrolean smoked and cured ham. Penicillium solitum is a pathogen of pomaceous fruit.
Penicillium striatisporum is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from the rhizosphere of chilli peppers. Penicillium striatisporum has an selective antifungal activity against Candida albicans This species produces striatisporin A, striatisporolide A, versiol, calbistrin C, deformylcalbistrin A, citromycetin, citromycin, fulvic acid, (-)-2,3-dihydrocitromycetin and (+)-hexylitaconic acid
Penicillium thiersii is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from a wood decay fungi (Hypoxylon) in Wisconsin in North America. Penicillium thiersii produces thiersindole A, thiersindole B, thiersindole C, oxalicine A and oxalicine B
Streptomyces lusitanus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces lusitanus produces 7-chlortetracycline, naphthyridinomycin, cyanocycline B, N-desmethylnaphthyridinomycin and tetracycline.
Gladiolin is a polyketide natural product produced by Burkholderia gladioli BCC0238 which is isolated from sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. It was found to be a novel macrolide antibiotic which presented an activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gladiolin is structurally much more stable than its analogue etnangien as an efficient myxobacterial RNA polymerase inhibitor due to the lack of highly labile hexaene moiety in gladiolin. The good activity and high stability of gladiolin offers it the potential for further development as an antibiotic against antibiotic-resistant M. tuberculosis.
The phomoxanthones are a loosely defined class of natural products. The two founding members of this class are phomoxanthone A and phomoxanthone B. Other compounds were later also classified as phomoxanthones, although a unifying nomenclature has not yet been established. The structure of all phomoxanthones is derived from a dimer of two covalently linked tetrahydroxanthones, and they differ mainly in the position of this link as well as in the acetylation status of their hydroxy groups. The phomoxanthones are structurally closely related to other tetrahydroxanthone dimers such as the secalonic acids and the eumitrins. While most phomoxanthones were discovered in fungi of the genus Phomopsis, most notably in the species Phomopsis longicolla, some have also been found in Penicillium sp.
Dichapetalins are a small class of triterpenoid compounds found primarily in the Dichapetalaceae family but also reportedly in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae). They are structural derivatives of dammarene characterized by a C6C2 unit connected to a dammarene or a 13,30-cyclodammarane skeleton with variable C-17 side chains containing actone, spirolactone, lactol, acetal, or furan moieties. They have been found to display cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines.
