Related Research Articles
Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values some research more than other kinds. Empirical evidence can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively. Quantifying the evidence or making sense of it in qualitative form, a researcher can answer empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected. Research design varies by field and by the question being investigated. Many researchers combine qualitative and quantitative forms of analysis to better answer questions that cannot be studied in laboratory settings, particularly in the social sciences and in education.
Michael Polanyi was a Hungarian-British polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. He argued that positivism is a false account of knowing.
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic practices when developing hypotheses; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific hypotheses have been experimentally discredited. It is not the same as junk science.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies.
Tacit knowledge or implicit knowledge—as opposed to formalized, codified or explicit knowledge—is knowledge that is difficult to express or extract; therefore it is more difficult to transfer to others by means of writing it down or verbalizing it. This can include motor skills, personal wisdom, experience, insight, and intuition.
Empirical evidence is evidence obtained through sense experience or experimental procedure. It is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the scientific method:
Scientific consensus is the generally held judgment, position, and opinion of the majority or the supermajority of scientists in a particular field of study at any particular time.
Psychonautics refers both to a methodology for describing and explaining the subjective effects of altered states of consciousness, including those induced by meditation or mind-altering substances, and to a research cabal in which the researcher voluntarily immerses themselves into an altered mental state in order to explore the accompanying experiences.
A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a topic. The term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book, or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing knowledge on the topic under question. A good literature review can ensure that a proper research question has been asked and a proper theoretical framework and/or research methodology have been chosen. To be precise, a literature review serves to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the reader. In such case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the work.
Self-experimentation refers to single-subject research in which the experimenter conducts the experiment on themself.
Evidence-based practice is the idea that occupational practices ought to be based on scientific evidence. The movement towards evidence-based practices attempts to encourage and, in some instances, require professionals and other decision-makers to pay more attention to evidence to inform their decision-making. The goal of evidence-based practice is to eliminate unsound or outdated practices in favor of more-effective ones by shifting the basis for decision making from tradition, intuition, and unsystematic experience to firmly grounded scientific research. The proposal has been controversial, with some arguing that results may not specialize to individuals as well as traditional practices.
Seth Roberts was a professor of psychology at Tsinghua University in Beijing and emeritus professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. A prolific blogger, He was the author of the bestselling book The Shangri-La Diet. He was well known for his work in self-experimentation which led to many discoveries, including his personal diet, multiple publications and his expansive blog.
The branches of science, also referred to as scientificfields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups:
Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms used to compare scientific fields on the basis of perceived methodological rigor, exactitude, and objectivity. In general, the formal sciences and natural sciences are considered hard science, whereas the social sciences and other sciences are described as soft science.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn was an American historian and philosopher of science whose 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom.
Quantified self refers both to the cultural phenomenon of self-tracking with technology and to a community of users and makers of self-tracking tools who share an interest in "self-knowledge through numbers". Quantified self practices overlap with the practice of lifelogging and other trends that incorporate technology and data acquisition into daily life, often with the goal of improving physical, mental, and emotional performance. The widespread adoption in recent years of wearable fitness and sleep trackers such as the Fitbit or the Apple Watch, combined with the increased presence of Internet of things in healthcare and in exercise equipment, have made self-tracking accessible to a large segment of the population.
Literature-based discovery (LBD), also called literature-related discovery (LRD) is a form of knowledge extraction and automated hypothesis generation that uses papers and other academic publications to find new relationships between existing knowledge. Literature-based discovery aims to discover new knowledge by connecting information which have been explicitly stated in literature to deduce connections which have not been explicitly stated.
The GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences is the largest German infrastructure institute for the social sciences. It is headquartered in Mannheim, with a location in Cologne. With basic research-based services and consulting covering all levels of the scientific process, GESIS supports researchers in the social sciences. As of 2017, the president of GESIS is Christof Wolf.
References
- ↑ Roberts, Seth (16 March 2011). "Is Medical Research a Veblen Good?". Seth's blog. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ↑ Heyen, Nils B (2016). Self-tracking as knowledge production: Quantified self between prosumption and citizen science (in Lifelogging. Digital Self-Tracking between disruptive technology and cultural change, Selke, Stefan (Editor)). Springer VS. pp. 283–301. ISBN 978-3-658-13136-4.
- ↑ de Groot, Martijn; Drangsholt, Mark; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando J; Wolf, Gary (2017). "Single Subject (N-of-1) Research Design, Data Processing, and Personal Science". Methods of Information in Medicine. 56 (6): 416–418. doi:10.3414/ME17-03-0001. PMID 29582912.
- ↑ Wolf, Gary; de Groot, Martijn (2020). "A Conceptual Framework for Personal Science". Frontiers in Computer Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcomp.2020.00021 .
- ↑ Riggare, Sara; Hägglund, Maria; Bredenoord, Annelien L; de Groot, Martijn; Bloem, Bastiaan R (2021). "Ethical Aspects of Personal Science for Persons with Parkinson's Disease: What Happens When Self-Tracking Goes from Selfcare to Publication?". Journal of Parkinson's Disease. 11 (4): 1927–1933. doi: 10.3233/JPD-212647 . PMC 8609698 . PMID 34120915. S2CID 235409005.
- ↑ "Personal Science Wiki". wiki.openhumans.org. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
- ↑ Kloppenborg, Katharina; Price Ball, Mad; Jonas, Steven; Wolf, Gary Isaac; Greshake Tzovaras, Bastian (July 2024). "Co-designing a wiki-based community knowledge management system for personal science". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (7). doi:10.1098/rsos.240275. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 11285521 . PMID 39076354.
- ↑ Polanyi, Michael (1958). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ Martin, B.; Brouwer, W. (1993). "Exploring personal science". Science Education. 77 (4): 441–459. Bibcode:1993SciEd..77..441M. doi:10.1002/sce.3730770407. ISSN 0036-8326.