Perumbanappadi

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Perumbanappadi was the original home of the historic Bana Chieftains of the early Pallava period. [1] It extended from the South Pennar (Ponnaiyar River) to the Tirupati (Thirumala) hills. Perumbanappadi was made up of sub-divisions such as the Thiruvenkata-Kottam (or Vengada Kottam), [2] and many Nadus such as Tuy-nadu, [3] Puli-nadu, Vada Pulinadu, and Silai-nadu [4] within it. During the Chola period, Perumbanappadi was a major division of the Jayakonda Chola Mandalam. [5] [6] and also represented the north-western portions of Thondai-Mandalam. [7]

Ponnaiyar River river in India

The South Pennar River is a trans-boundary river in India.

Contents

Boundaries

Perumbanappadi is rendered in Tamil as Perum-pana-p-pati and Pana Rashtra (Bana Rashtra). The boundaries of Perumbanappadi were made up of Kolar, Punganur and Srisailam in the west, and Kalahasti and Sholingur in the east. The river Palar (aka South Pennar and Ponniyar) formed its Southern boundary. [8] [9] [10] The capital of Perumbanappadi was Thiruvallam, which lies 22 km from Vellore. [11]

Vellore City in Tamil Nadu, India

Vellore is a city and the administrative headquarters of Vellore District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the banks of the Palar River in the north-eastern part of Tamil Nadu, the city has been ruled, at different times, by the Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Vijayanagar Empire, Rashtrakutas, Carnatic kingdom and the British. The city has four zones covering an area of 87.915 km2 and has a population of 423,425 based on the 2001 census. It is located about 135 kilometres (84 mi) west of Chennai and about 210 kilometres (130 mi) east of Bangalore. Vellore is administered by Vellore Municipal Corporation under a mayor. It is a part of Vellore and Vellore.

Mavali Vanadarayan was the title of chiefs of the Bana country in the basin of the Palar river, the extent of whose territory changed according to the vicissitudes of history. [12] Territorial changes are deducible from epigraphies. However, the personal names of many Bana Chieftains are not known, especially with regard to the wars they waged against their opponents. One such example is the Thiruvallam record of Vijaya Nandivikrama Varman (792-793 AD) which states that a certain Mavali-Vanaraya was ruling Vadugavali-12000. However, the personal name of this Mahavali-Banaraja is not known. [13]

Most epigraphies / inscriptions mention just the title of the Bana Chieftain as "Mahabali Banaraja". The Banas were identified by their geographical location as Pulinadu Banas, Tuynadu Banas, etc. Their genealogy was puranic and was narrated on copper-plates or temple grants. One example is the Udayendiram grant of Bana Vikramaditya III which narrates the puranic connection of Mahabali with Vishnu. [14]

Bana Chieftains

The Bana chieftains claimed descent from the asura Mahabali. They were called or addressed as Perumbanadiyarasar (Brihad Bana Adhirajas) or Mahabali Banarajas. [15] Chiefs in the early period held names such as Perumbana-araicar and figured in the hero-stones (vira-kal). [16] The Bali Vamsa claimed traditional lordship over Kishkinda. They had over their banner the figure of an Ape and as their heraldic device the figure of a Turtle. [17]

Mahabali mythical character

Mahabali is also known as Bali or Māveli or "Vairochana" was a benevolent Asura King, and the grandson of Prahlada in Indian scriptures. The festival of Onam is celebrated in Kerala to mark his yearly homecoming after being sent down to the underworld Sutala by Vamana, a dwarf and the fifth incarnation avatar of Vishnu. The government of Kerala declared Onam as the ‘State Festival’ of Kerala in 1960.

Kishkindha

Kishkindha is the monkey (Vanara) kingdom of the Vanara King Sugriva, the younger brother of Vali, in the Indian theology of Ramayana times. This was the kingdom where he ruled with the assistance of his friend, Hanuman.

Kurma tortoise avatar of Vishnu

Kurma is the second Avatar of Vishnu. Like other avatars of Vishnu, Kurma appears at a time of crisis to restore the cosmic equilibrium. His iconography is either a tortoise, or more commonly as half man–half tortoise. These are found in many Vaishnava temple ceilings or wall reliefs.

Chieftains of Perumbanappadi

Names of some Bana chieftains who ruled in different parts of Perumbanappadi are:

Muttaraiyan was a title used by various officials in the Chola government during the medieval period. It should not be confused with the Muthuraja caste and has been borne by persons from various communities. For example, there was one Virarajendra Brahmadhiraya Muttaraiyan and Vikramasola Brahmadiraya Muttaraiyan who were feudatories of Kulothunga Chola III. These two vassals were not Muthuraja chiefs as the word Brahmadiraya meant Brahmin chiefs only.

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Kulottunga I

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Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I Pandyan king

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Rajadhiraja Chola Chola king

Kōpparakēsarivarman Rājādhiraja Chōla I was an 11th-century emperor of the Indian Chola empire and the successor of his father, Rajendra Chola I. During his long reign, he helped his father conquer many territories and maintained the Chola authority over most of Lanka, Vengi, Kalinga, etc. and the relations with overseas domains despite a series of revolts in the territory. Rajadhiraja Chola’s record shows that he was a born fighter who was very capable of maintaining a vast and expansive empire with territories even outside the shores of India. He was a great warrior who always led from the front. His life is a testimony to a king who fought his own wars standing shoulder to shoulder with his men on front lines. He earned the title Jayamkonda Cholan after numerous victories. Towards the end of his reign he sacked the Western Chalukyan capital Kalyanapuram and assumed the title Kalyanapuramgonda Chola and performed a virabhisheka under the name Vijaya Rajendra Cholan. One of his predecessors, Rajaraja Chola I also assumed the title Jayangonda Chola towards the end of his reign.

Gandaraditha Chola succeeded his father Parantaka I and became the Chola king c. 955 CE.

Tamilakam geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people. Tamilakam covered most of modern day Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and southern parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

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Thondaimandala Adhi Saiva Vellala Mudaliar is a vegetarian, Forward caste in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Sekkizhar, the author of the Periyapuranam, was from this community.They are also known as the generations of Chola Kings.

The Banas were a dynasty of South India, who claimed descent from the asura Mahabali. The dynasty takes its name from Bana, the son of Mahabali. The Banas faced opposition from several neighbouring dynasties and served some major dynasties such as the Cholas and Pandyas as feudatories, sometimes after they were subjugated by them. They also served as Samantas to some dynasties such as Chalukyas. The Banas had their capital at various places at different times, including Kolar and Gudimallam. The earliest mention of the Banas in authentic historical records is in the middle of the fourth century AD, and as the feudatories of the Satavahana and early Pallavas. The Banas were a native Kannada ruling dynasty.

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Tondaiman

The Tondaiman family were Tamil rulers of the ancient Tondai Nadu (Tondaimandalam) division of Tamilakkam in South India. Their capital was at Kanchipuram.

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Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu located in Tirukkoyilur, Tamilnadu, India

Ulagalantha Perumal Temple or Trivikrama Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu located in Tirukkoyilur, Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Divya Prabandha, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Azhwar saints from the 6th–9th centuries AD. It is one of the 108 Divyadesam dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Ulagalantha Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Poongothai. The temple is believed to have been built by the Medieval Cholas, with later contributions from Vijayanagar kings and Madurai Nayaks. The temple covers an area of 5 acres (20,000 m2) and has a temple tower that is the third tallest in Tamil Nadu, measuring 192 ft (59 m) in height.

Atulya Nadheswarar Temple

Atulya Nadheswarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located in Arakandanallur, a town panchayat in Viluppuram district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Shiva is worshipped as Atulya Nadheswarar, and is represented by the lingam. His consort Parvati is depicted as Azhagiya Ponnazhagi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the Nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam.

Tondaimandalam also known as Tondai Nadu is a historical region located in the northernmost part of Tamil Nadu. The region comprises the districts which formed a part of the traditional Pallava kingdom. The boundaries of Tondaimandalam are ambiguous – between the Rivers basins of Penna River and Ponnaiyar River.

Pallavaraiyan was a title used by various officials in the Chola and Pandya governments in the medieval period. It was borne by persons from different communities like Bhoja, Chalukya, etc. and does not imply a relation to the erstwhile Pallava dynasty.

References

  1. ↑ Early inscriptions, by Sadhu Subrahmanya Sastry, p.55
  2. ↑ Early inscriptions, by Sadhu Subrahmanya Sastry, p.55
  3. ↑ Ancient India: collected essays on the literary and political history of Southern India, by Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, p.166
  4. ↑ A study of Telugu place-names: based on inscriptions from the earliest to the 13th century, by S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, p.122
  5. ↑ A study of Telugu place-names: based on inscriptions from the earliest to the 13th century, by S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, p.122
  6. ↑ South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil, by Eugen Hultzsch, Hosakote Krishna Sastri, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 89 and p.113
  7. ↑ Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, by Radha Champakalakshmi, p.374
  8. ↑ Sailendra Nath Sen. (1988). "Ancient Indian History and Civilization". New Age International Publishers: 469–476.
  9. ↑ Feudatories of South India, 800-1070 A.D, p.35-36
  10. ↑ The Tirumala Temple, by N Ramesan, p.17-18
  11. ↑ The early Chōḷas history, art, and culture, by S. Swaminathan, p.46
  12. ↑ History of the nayaks of Madura, by R. Sathianathaier and Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, p.78
  13. ↑ Chittoor through the ages, by MD Sampath, p.37
  14. ↑ Chittoor through the ages, by MD Sampath, p.34
  15. ↑ Art and culture of Tamil Nadu, by Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi and R. Nagaswamy, p.13
  16. ↑ The political structure of early medieval South India, by Kesavan Veluthat, p.109
  17. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Volume 15, p.108
  18. ↑ Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture, by KV Raman, p.17
  19. ↑ History of Tamilnad: to A.D. 1565, by N. Subrahmanian, p.272
  20. ↑ History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), By Kapur, Kamlesh, p.613
  21. ↑ Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi, Tamil Nadu (India). Dept. of Archaeology. Thiruttani and Velanjeri copper plates. State Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, 1979 - History - 34 pages. p. 10.
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