Peter Herde

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Peter Herde (Born 5 February 1933) is a German historian. His research activities range from fundamental work on papal diplomatics of the Middle Ages to the history of the country up to the Second World War.

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Life

Herd was born in 1933 in Racibórz, Upper Silesia. He was the son of deputy headmaster Reinhard Herde and Hildegard Herde. He spent his childhood and the first years of his youth in Ratibor. Since autumn 1943 he attended the Realgymnasium Ratibor. The family fled from the Red Army at the end of January 1945 and found their new home in Arnsberg. [1] In Neheim-Hüsten he passed his Abitur in 1953. In the summer semester of 1953 he began studying physics and mathematics at the University of Heidelberg. Fritz Ernst aroused Herde's interest in history through his lectures. In 1954 Herde went to the University of Munich to study history, German and English literature. Through Friedrich Baethgen, Herde turned to the history of the pope and the empire of the late Middle Ages. [2] Bernhard Bischoff gave him an understanding of palaeography, the history of Medieval Latin literature and Manuscript Studies. Through Peter Acht he began to deal with the papal documents of the 13th century. In 1958, under the supervision of Peter Acht, he was awarded a doctorate in philosophy in Munich with the thesis Contributions to papal chancery and documents in the 13th century. The dissertation became a standard in the history of the papal chancellery and diplomacy. The work appeared in 1967 in a second, considerably extended edition. [3] One year after his doctorate, Herde's first scientific essay Gestaltung und Krisis christlich-jüdischen Verhältnisses in Regensburg am Ende des Mittelalters was published. [4] The essay was a result of his work on the edition of the documents and records on the history of the Jews in Regensburg.

From 1960 to 1962 he worked at the German Historical Institute in Rome. The director Walther Holtzmann exerted a great influence on him. In Rome he established friendly relations with Hermann Goldbrunner, Dieter Girgensohn, Norbert Kamp, Arnold Esch, Rudolf Hiestand and Rupert Hacker. His habilitation dealt with the Formularium audientie litterarum contradictarum. After his habilitation in 1965 – also with Peter Acht – he worked as a lecturer in Munich. Already in 1968, at the age of 35, he was appointed full professor for middle and modern history at the University of Frankfurt. He took up the position the following year. From 4 June 1976, he taught as a full professor of history, in particular medieval history, regional history and historical ancillary sciences, at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg. In 2001 he was retired. His farewell lecture, in which he took a critical look at recent developments in German higher education, was held on 16 June 2001 at a symposium in the Museumszentrum Lorsch  [ de ]. [5]

Main areas of research

Herde works in the field of medieval and modern history, especially on the history of the empire and the papacy of the later Middle Ages, on the social and intellectual history of Italian humanism and on the intellectual history of the Risorgimento. His further research interests include the auxiliary sciences of history, the Bavarian Landesgeschichte  [ de ] and the history of the Second World War. His Munich dissertation, first published in 1961, also received great international acclaim. [6] The work was published in 1967 in a second improved and extended edition and became a standard work of papal diplomacy of the 13th century. [7] With the edition and investigation of the formula books of the Audientia litterarum contradictarum he published a two-volume and almost 1400-page Munich habilitation thesis. [8] The work was methodologically innovative, since Herde linked questions of document science and canonism. [9]

Herde conducted research on late medieval papal documents, on the history of Italy, especially Florence in the Renaissance and the history of Sicily. About Charles I of Anjou Herde published an extensive article in the Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani . This study on the first Angevinen on the Sicilian throne resulted in a biography in 1979. [10] In Würzburg, Herde dealt intensively with Franconian history and the history of the empire and pope in the 13th century. But Herde also devoted himself to problems of the 19th century. Among other things he examined the relations of Bavaria and the Holy See in the time of the beginning Kulturkampf. [11] Herde published a standard work in 1981 with his biography of Pope Celestine V. [12] The work was published in Italian translation in 2004 [13] and was supplemented in 2008 by his Monumenta Germaniae Historica edition of the oldest vitae of "papa angelicus". [14] With his work, published in 1986, Herde presented for the first time the history of medieval Ghibellines and Guelphs. [15] Together with his student Thomas Frenz, he published in 2000 the letter and memorial book of the Passau Cathedral dean Albert von Behaim of 1246. Already in the 1980s, Herde has been working on a biography of Antipope Boniface VII. He published numerous individual studies on him. After decades of research, the first volume of the biography with the three chapters "Youth and ecclesiastical consecration", "On the way to the papal throne" and "Election to the pope, consecration and coronation" could be published in 2015 in the series "Popes and Papacy". The challenge was above all to prepare the time appropriately historiographically. Numerous details about his early life are not contemporary testimonies, but were only reproached to him in the later Boniface trial. [16]

Since the 1990s, the Upper Silesian-born Herde has also devoted itself to Silesian history. In 2001, the edition of the Italian files on the 1921 referendum in Upper Silesia resulted from this occupation. At the end of the century Herde was more intensively engaged in the history of historical studies. [17] This resulted in numerous studies on Würzburg historians such as Anton Chroust (1998/2012), [18] Max Buchner (2002) [19] and Michael Seidlmayer (2007/2012). [20] Herde investigated the background of the failed appeals of Franz Schnabel to Heidelberg and Hermann Heimpel to Munich. [21] Herde thoroughly evaluated the files of the American military government. Together with the Israeli historian Benjamin Z. Kedar, he presented an investigation of the historian Karl Bosl in 2011, which led to a discussion and reassessment of Bosl's Nazi past. [22] The German translation was published in a substantially extended version in 2016. [23] At Bosl, they observed "a precarious coexistence of rejection and concessions" with the system. [24] According to their research, Bosl had behaved in a highly system-compliant manner under National Socialism and falsely presented himself as a resistance fighter. Some historians criticized the depiction of Kedar and Herde and pointed out discrepancies. [25] Dirk Walter criticised the lack of comparison of Bosl's career during the Nazi era with that of other colleagues like Theodor Schieder. [26]

Herde presented numerous works on the history of the Second World War, including two monographs on the secret flight connection between the Axis Powers and Japan ('The Flight to Japan', 2000) and on Japanese occupation policy in Southeast Asia during the Second World War and its consequences ('Greater East Asian Prosperity Sphere', 2002). [27] However, he only dealt with Indonesia and the Philippines and did not use Japanese sources for his account. [28] Herde noted in his study that "despite all controls and despite censorship [...] Japanese rule [...] in the Philippines was not totalitarianism of a Soviet or Nazi nature". [29] For a decade, Herde researched the months of August and September in the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, where millions of pages of listening material are stored. This resulted in a study published in 2018 on the triangular relationship between the European Axis powers, Japan and the USSR during the Second World War. Half of the study consists of documentation. The sources it contains are telegrams sent between the Foreign Ministry in Tokyo and its diplomatic or consular missions abroad, intercepted and decoded by US agencies from 1942 onwards. [30]

Honours and memberships

Herde has been awarded numerous scientific honors and memberships for his research. He is an elected member of many scientific societies, academies and commissions, including the Scientific Society at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (since 2010 as honorary member), the "Gesellschaft für fränkische Geschichte", the Historische Kommission für Schlesien  [ de ], [31] the Medieval Academy of America, the Royal Historical Society in London and the Commission internationale de diplomatique  [ fr ] (since 1970). Celestine's birthplace, Sant'Angelo Limosano, has made him an honorary citizen for his work on this pope and saint. He accepted a guest professorship from 1966 to 1967 at the University of California, Berkeley. Among his academic students were Robert Helmholtz, Milo Kearney and John McCullough. Further visiting professorships led Herde to the University of Washington in 1971, to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1971/72 and 1984, to the University of Chicago in 1973 and to Dumbarton Oaks in 1979. In 1998 he was honored on his 65th birthday with an extensive commemorative publication. [32] On the occasion of his 70th birthday in 2003 Herde was honoured by a scientific colloquium in Lorsch an der Bergstraße and in 2008 by another colloquium. Herde declined calls to the University of California in Los Angeles as successor of Gerhart B. Ladner and to the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich as successor of Peter Acht. [33]

Writings

Monographs

As publisher

Editions

Collections of essays

Literature

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References

  1. ↑ Karl Borchardt, Enno Bünz: Peter Herde on his eightieth birthday. In Archive for Diplomatic Affairs 60 (2014), pp. 11–34, here p. 12 (retrieved via De Gruyter Online)
  2. ↑ Karl Borchardt, Enno Bünz: Peter Herde on his eightieth birthday. In Archive for Diplomatics 60 (2014), pp. 11–34, here p. 13 (accessed via De Gruyter Online)
  3. ↑ Peter Herde: Contributions to Papal Chancellery and Documentation in the 13th Century. 2nd, improved and extended edition. Kallmünz 1967.
  4. ↑ Peter Herde: Gestaltung und Krise des christlich-jüdischen Verhältnisses in Regensburg am Ende des Mittelalters. In Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 22 (1959) pp. 359–395 (Numerised).
  5. ↑ Peter Herde: Die Geschichtswissenschaft an deutschen und amerikanischen Universitäten. Ein Vergleich. In Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen 21 (2002), pp. 446–463.
  6. ↑ Cf. the reviews of C. R. Cheney in English Historical Review 79 (1964), pp. 64–67; Georges Tessier in Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes 120 (1962), pp. 207–211; Hans Martin Schaller in Archivalische Zeitschrift 59 (1963), p. 214.
  7. ↑ Cf. the reviews of Matthias Thiel in Archivalische Zeitschrift 67 (1971), pp. 210–211; Peter Herde in Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters. 24 (1968), pp. 531–532 (online).
  8. ↑ Cf. the review by Knut Wolfgang Nörr in Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 58 (1972), pp. 403–407.
  9. ↑ Karl Borchardt, Enno Bünz: Peter Herde on his eightieth birthday. In Archive for Diplomatic Affairs 60 (2014), pp. 11–34, here p. 14 (retrieved via De Gruyter Online)
  10. ↑ Peter Herde: Karl I. von Anjou. Stuttgart among others 1979.
  11. ↑ Peter Herde: Der Heilige Stuhl und Bayern zwischen Zollparlament und Reichsgründung (1867/68–1871). In Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 45 (1982), pp. 589–662 (Digitalisat).
  12. ↑ See Max Seckler: "Eine wohlüberlegte Entscheidung". Benedikt XVI. auf dem Weg zum Amtsverzicht. In Jan-Heiner Tück (ed.): Der Theologenpapst. Eine kritische Würdigung Benedikts XVI. Freiburg im Breisgau among others 2013, pp. 529–549, here p. 531; Walter Koller in Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 40 (1984), pp. 693–694 (Digitalisat)
  13. ↑ Celestino V (Pietro del Morrone) 1294. Il papa angelico, a cura di Quirino Salomone, translation by Anna Maria Voci, L'Aquila 2004.
  14. ↑ Peter Herde: Die ältesten Viten Papst Cölestins V. (Peters vom Morrone). Hannover 2008.
  15. ↑ Peter Herde: Guelfen und Neoguelfen. Zur Geschichte einer nationalen Ideologie vom Mittelalter zum Risorgimento. Stuttgart 1986.
  16. ↑ Peter Herde: Bonifaz VIII. (1294–1303). Erster Halbband: Benedikt Caetani. Stuttgart 2015. Cf. the discussions with Werner Maleczek in Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 74 (2018), pp. 843–845; Claudia Alraum in Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 101 (2019), pp. 477–478; Klaus Herbers in Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft. 64 (2016), pp. 285–286; Andreas Fischer in sehepunkte  [ de ] 16 (2016), Nr. 4 [15 April 2016], (online); Lucia Dell'Asta in The Catholic Historical Review 103 (2017), pp. 124–125.
  17. ↑ Vgl. for example Peter Herde: Mittelalterforschung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945–1970. In Maria Stuiber, Michele Spadaccini (ed.): Bausteine zur deutschen und italienischen Geschichte. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Horst Enzensberger. Bamberg 2014, pp. 175–218 (online).
  18. ↑ Peter Herde: Die Äbtissin Cuthsuuith, Anton Chroust und der Sturz des bayerischen Kultusministers Robert von Landmann (1901/02). In Peter Herde, Anton Schindling (ed.): Universität Würzburg und Wissenschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit. Beiträge zur Bildungsgeschichte zu Ehren von Peter Baumgart anläßlich seines 65. Geburtstages. Würzburg 1998, pp. 231–270. Peter Herde: Anton Chroust (1864–1945). Ein streitbarer Historiker aus Österreich in Franken. In Karl Hruza (ed.): Österreichische Historiker. Lebensläufe und Karrieren 1900–1945. Vol. 2. Weimar 2012, pp. 85–127.
  19. ↑ Peter Herde: Max Buchner (1881–1941) und die politische Stellung der Geschichtswissenschaft an der Universität Würzburg 1925–1945. In Peter Baumgart (ed.): Die Universität Würzburg in den Krisen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Biographisch-systematische Studien zu ihrer Geschichte zwischen dem Ersten Weltkrieg und dem Neubeginn 1945. Würzburg 2002, pp. 183–251.
  20. ↑ Peter Herde: Michael Seidlmayer (1902–1961) und der Neubeginn der Würzburger Mediävistik nach 1945. In Würzburger Diözesan-Geschichtsblätter 69 (2007), pp. 205–260. Peter Herde: Michael Seidlmayer (1902–1961). In Fränkische Lebensbilder, vol. 23, 2012, pp. 211–226.
  21. ↑ Peter Herde: Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten im Übergang vom Nationalsozialismus zum demokratischen Neubeginn. Die gescheiterten Berufungen von Hermann Heimpel nach München (1944–1946) und von Franz Schnabel nach Heidelberg (1946–1947). Munich 2007; Peter Herde: Die gescheiterte Berufung Hermann Heimpels nach München (1944–1946). In Sabine Arend, Daniel Berger, Carola Brückner among others (ed.): Vielfalt und Aktualität des Mittelalters. Festschrift für Wolfgang Petke zum 65. Geburtstag. Bielefeld 2006, pp. 695–737.
  22. ↑ Peter Herde, Benjamin Z. Kedar: A Bavarian historian reinvents himself. Karl Bosl and the Third Reich. Jerusalem 2011. See the discussion of Frank-Rutger Hausmann in H-Soz-Kult, 21 November 2012, (online).
  23. ↑ Benjamin Z. Kedar, Peter Herde: Karl Bosl im "Dritten Reich". Berlin among others 2016. Cf. the reviews by Bernhard Unckel in Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 66 (2018), pp. 253–254 (online); Dirk Walter in sehepunkte 16 (2016), Nr. 4 [15 April 2016], online; Clemens Vollnhals in Bohemia 57 (2017), pp. 483–485 (online); Stefan Jordan in Historische Zeitschrift 305 (2017), pp. 258–260.
  24. ↑ Benjamin Z. Kedar, Peter Herde: Karl Bosl im "Dritten Reich". Berlin among others 2016, p. 18.
  25. ↑ Ernst Schütz: The cause Bosl. More questions than clarity. In The High School in Bavaria, No. 10, 2012, pp. 34–37. Dirk Walter: Karl Bosl. Approaching a personality. Achievements - misconduct. With a contribution by Willi Eisele. Munich 2013.
  26. ↑ Dirk Walter: Karl Bosl. Approach to a personality. Performance - misconduct. With a contribution by Willi Eisele, Munich, 2013, pp. 15–18.
  27. ↑ Cf. the review by Konrad Fuchs in Nassauische Annalen 116 (2005), pp. 691–692.
  28. ↑ Takuma Melber: Between Collaboration and Resistance. The Japanese occupation in Malaya and Singapore 1942-1945. Frankfurt 2017, p. 21.
  29. ↑ Peter Herde: Greater East Asian sphere of prosperity. The Japanese occupation policy in the Philippines and Indonesia during World War II and its consequences. Stuttgart 2002, p. 162.
  30. ↑ Peter Herd: The Axis Powers, Japan and the Soviet Union. Japanese sources on the Second World War (1941-1945). With comprehensive document section in English language. Berlin 2018. Cf. the reviews of 78 (2019), pp. 292–296; Michael Thöndl in Historische Zeitschrift 309 (2019), pp. 829–830.
  31. ↑ Mitgliederverzeichnis at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-08-28)
  32. ↑ Karl Borchardt and Enno Bünz (ed.): Forschungen zur Reichs-, Papst- und Landesgeschichte. Peter Herde zum 65. Geburtstag von Freunden, Schülern und Kollegen dargebracht. 2 volumes, Stuttgart 1998; Karl Borchardt and Enno Bünz (ed.): Forschungen zur bayerischen und fränkischen Geschichte. Peter Herde zum 65. Geburtstag von Freunden, Schülern und Kollegen dargebracht. Würzburg 1998.
  33. ↑ Karl Borchardt, Enno Bünz: Peter Herde on his eightieth birthday. In Archive for Diplomatic Affairs 60 (2014), pp. 11–34, here p. 17 (retrieved via De Gruyter Online)
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