Philippe Rochat | |
---|---|
Occupation | Professor of Psychology |
Awards | Guggenheim Fellowship |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | University of Geneva, Switzerland |
Academic work | |
Institutions | Emory University |
Philippe Rochat (born 1950) is a developmental psychologist known for his research on social cognition,development of a sense of self,and moral development in infancy and early childhood. [1] [2] He holds the position of Professor of Psychology and Director of the Infant and Child Lab at Emory University. [3]
Rochat was a John Simon Guggenheim fellow from 2006-2007. [4] From 2014-2015 he was a Fellow at the Institut D'etudes Avancées de Paris during which his research focused on the topic of lying and confession. [5] Rochat has served on the advisory board of the Center for Subjectivity Research at the University of Copenhagen.
Philippe Rochat was born in Geneva,Switzerland. His wife,Rana Rochat,is an artist.
Rochat received his PhD from the University of Geneva in 1983,where he was mentored by Swiss psychologist,Jean Piaget and his collaborators. [3]
After the completion of his doctorate,Rochat went on to hold postdoctoral internships at Brown University,University of Pennsylvania,and Johns Hopkins University. He was a member of the Faculty of Psychology at University of Massachusetts,Amherst from 1987 until 1991 when he moved to Emory University. His research on infant self-awareness has been funded by the National Science Foundation. [6]
Rochat's research interests span topics of self-awareness,social cognition,and moral development across cultures in infants as early as six weeks old and young children. [7] His work highlights how conceptions of self develop early in life,demonstrating that infants are born with some degree of self-awareness and can differentiate themselves from their environments as early as six weeks old. [8] Rochat argues that self-consciousness about how one is perceived is elicited as young as two and three years old when their self-perceptions confront the realization that others may view them differently. [9] This,he proposes,is at the core of what makes humans different from other species. [10]
Consciousness,at its simplest,is awareness of internal and external existence. However,its nature has led to millennia of analyses,explanations and debate by philosophers,theologians,and all of science. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. In some explanations,it is synonymous with the mind,and at other times,an aspect of mind. In the past,it was one's "inner life",the world of introspection,of private thought,imagination and volition. Today,it often includes any kind of cognition,experience,feeling or perception. It may be awareness,awareness of awareness,or self-awareness either continuously changing or not. The disparate range of research,notions and speculations raises a curiosity about whether the right questions are being asked.
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow,change,and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children,the field has expanded to include adolescence,adult development,aging,and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to explain how thinking,feeling,and behaviors change throughout life. This field examines change across three major dimensions,which are physical development,cognitive development,and social emotional development. Within these three dimensions are a broad range of topics including motor skills,executive functions,moral understanding,language acquisition,social change,personality,emotional development,self-concept,and identity formation.
In philosophy of self,self-awareness is the experience of one's own personality or individuality. It is not to be confused with consciousness in the sense of qualia. While consciousness is being aware of one's body and environment,self-awareness is the recognition of that consciousness. Self-awareness is how an individual experiences and understands their own character,feelings,motives,and desires.
Awareness in philosophy and psychology is a concept about knowing,perceiving and being cognizant of events. Another definition describes it as a state wherein a subject is aware of some information when that information is directly available to bring to bear in the direction of a wide range of behavioral actions. The concept is often synonymous to consciousness and is also understood as being consciousness itself.
The mirror test—sometimes called the mark test,mirror self-recognition (MSR) test,red spot technique,or rouge test—is a behavioral technique developed in 1970 by American psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. as an attempt to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self-recognition. The MSR test is the traditional method for attempting to measure physiological and cognitive self-awareness. However,agreement has been reached that animals can be self-aware in ways not measured by the mirror test,such as distinguishing between their own and others' songs and scents,and being aware of their own bodies,while humans have abnormally good vision,and thus intelligence that is highly visual.
Moral psychology is a field of study in both philosophy and psychology. Historically,the term "moral psychology" was used relatively narrowly to refer to the study of moral development. Moral psychology eventually came to refer more broadly to various topics at the intersection of ethics,psychology,and philosophy of mind. Some of the main topics of the field are moral judgment,moral reasoning,moral sensitivity,moral responsibility,moral motivation,moral identity,moral action,moral development,moral diversity,moral character,altruism,psychological egoism,moral luck,moral forecasting,moral emotion,affective forecasting,and moral disagreement.
Experimental philosophy is an emerging field of philosophical inquiry that makes use of empirical data—often gathered through surveys which probe the intuitions of ordinary people—in order to inform research on philosophical questions. This use of empirical data is widely seen as opposed to a philosophical methodology that relies mainly on a priori justification,sometimes called "armchair" philosophy,by experimental philosophers. Experimental philosophy initially began by focusing on philosophical questions related to intentional action,the putative conflict between free will and determinism,and causal vs. descriptive theories of linguistic reference. However,experimental philosophy has continued to expand to new areas of research.
Linda B. Smith is an American developmental psychologist internationally recognized for her theoretical and empirical contributions to developmental psychology and cognitive science,proposing,through theoretical and empirical studies,a new way of understanding developmental processes. Smith's works are groundbreaking and illuminating for the field of perception,action,language,and categorization,showing the unique flexibility found in human behavior. She has shown how perception and action are ways of obtaining knowledge for cognitive development and word learning.
Animal consciousness,or animal awareness,is the quality or state of self-awareness within an animal,or of being aware of an external object or something within itself. In humans,consciousness has been defined as:sentience,awareness,subjectivity,qualia,the ability to experience or to feel,wakefulness,having a sense of selfhood,and the executive control system of the mind. Despite the difficulty in definition,many philosophers believe there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is.
Dan Zahavi is a Danish philosopher. He is currently a professor of philosophy at University of Copenhagen.
Peter Carruthers is a British-American philosopher and cognitive scientist working primarily in the area of philosophy of mind,though he has also made contributions to philosophy of language and ethics. He is a professor of philosophy at the University of Maryland,College Park,an associate member of Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program,and a member of the Committee for Philosophy and the Sciences.
Tricia Striano Skoler is the Head of the Independent Research Group on Cultural Ontogeny at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,Germany.
Bertram Gawronski is a social psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. He is known for his research in the areas of attitudes,social cognition,decision making,and moral psychology.
Infant cognitive development is the first stage of human cognitive development,in the youngest children. The academic field of infant cognitive development studies of how psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop in young children. Information is acquired in a number of ways including through sight,sound,touch,taste,smell and language,all of which require processing by our cognitive system. However,cognition begins through social bonds between children and caregivers,which gradually increase through the essential motive force of Shared intentionality. The notion of Shared intentionality describes unaware processes during social learning at the onset of life when organisms in the simple reflexes substage of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development do not maintain communication via the sensory system.
The sense of agency (SoA),or sense of control,is the subjective awareness of initiating,executing,and controlling one's own volitional actions in the world. It is the pre-reflective awareness or implicit sense that it is I who is executing bodily movement(s) or thinking thoughts. In non-pathological experience,the SoA is tightly integrated with one's "sense of ownership" (SoO),which is the pre-reflective awareness or implicit sense that one is the owner of an action,movement or thought. If someone else were to move your arm you would certainly have sensed that it were your arm that moved and thus a sense of ownership (SoO) for that movement. However,you would not have felt that you were the author of the movement;you would not have a sense of agency (SoA).
Joseph Henrich is an American professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. Before arriving at Harvard,Henrich was a professor of psychology and economics at the University of British Columbia. He is interested in the question of how humans evolved from "being a relatively unremarkable primate a few million years ago to the most successful species on the globe",and how culture shaped our species' genetic evolution.
The Center for Subjectivity Research (CFS) is an interdisciplinary research center at the University of Copenhagen,directed by Dan Zahavi. They work on a number of different topics:subjectivity,intentionality,empathy,action,perception,embodiment,naturalism,self-consciousness,self-disorders,schizophrenia,autism,cerebral palsy,normativity,anxiety,and trust,and do scholarly work on classical thinkers such as Kant,Hegel,Kierkegaard,Brentano,Husserl,Heidegger,Wittgenstein,Merleau-Ponty,Levinas,and Ricoeur. They put a variety of philosophical and empirical perspectives on subjectivity into play to obtain mutual enlightenment,and methodological and conceptual pluralism. Hence,they have had collaborations within different disciplines such as phenomenology,analytic philosophy,hermeneutics,psychiatry,neuroscience,philosophy of religion,Asian philosophy,developmental psychology,clinical psychology,and cognitive science.
Patricia J. Bauer is Asa Griggs Candler Professor of Psychology at Emory University. She is known for her research in the field of cognitive development,with a specific focus on how children develop their earliest memories and how their memory is influenced by parents,peers,and the environment around them. Her research has explored the phenomenon of childhood amnesia and how social,cognitive,and neural changes relate to the development of autobiographical memory.
Marilyn Shatz is an American scholar known for her work in language development and discourse. She holds the title of Professor Emerita of Psychology and Linguistics at the University of Michigan,where she worked from 1977 until retiring in 2009.
Lorraine E. Bahrick is a developmental psychologist known for her research on intermodal perception and effects of inter-sensory redundancy on learning in infancy and early childhood. Her work in these areas involves investigating how the integration of information from various sensory modalities,such as vision,hearing,and touch,contributes to the cognitive,perceptual,and social development of infants and children. She also explores how the redundancy or overlap of sensory information,influences these developmental processes. She is Distinguished University Professor of Psychology at Florida International University and the Director of Infant Development Lab.