Philippine energy law

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Philippine energy law is the Philippines law concerning energy, both fossil fuels and renewable energy. Energy law in the Philippines is important because that nation is one of the fastest growing in Asia, and has over 80 million residents. Researching Philippine law is somewhat complicated, because all laws are numbered sequentially, not by topic or year, and consists of statutes, Presidential decrees, other regulations, and case law. Nonetheless, private entities have organized the law into readily accessible formats. [1]

Energy quantitative physical property transferred to objects to perform heating or work on them

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.

Fossil fuel fuel formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

Renewable energy energy that is collected from renewable resources

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

Contents

Utility laws

The earliest Philippine energy law dates from 1903, during the American Commonwealth, Act No. 667, concerning franchises for utilities, [1] [2] and Act No. 1022, which allowed such to have mortgages. [3] A uniform law in 1929 established a model act for establishing new utilities. [1] [4]

United States Federal republic in North America

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States or America, is a country comprising 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the world's third or fourth largest country by total area and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 327 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.

Franchising practice of the right to use a firms business model and brand for a prescribed period of time

Franchising is based on a marketing concept which can be adopted by an organization as a strategy for business expansion. Where implemented, a franchisor licenses its know-how, procedures, intellectual property, use of its business model, brand, and rights to sell its branded products and services to a franchisee. In return the franchisee pays certain fees and agrees to comply with certain obligations, typically set out in a Franchise Agreement.

Within economics the concept of utility is used to model worth or value, but its usage has evolved significantly over time. The term was introduced initially as a measure of pleasure or satisfaction within the theory of utilitarianism by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. But the term has been adapted and reapplied within neoclassical economics, which dominates modern economic theory, as a utility function that represents a consumer's preference ordering over a choice set. As such, it is devoid of its original interpretation as a measurement of the pleasure or satisfaction obtained by the consumer from that choice.

Fossil fuel laws

The first coal mining law, Act No. 2719, known as the Coal Land Act, dates to 1917. [1] [5]

Coal mining Process of getting coal out of the ground

Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production. In the United Kingdom and South Africa, a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine a pit, and the above-ground structures the pit head. In Australia, "colliery" generally refers to an underground coal mine. In the United States, "colliery" has been used to describe a coal mine operation but nowadays the word is not commonly used.

Oil exploration was allowed by Act No. 2932 of 1920. [1] [6]

An older law, Act. No. 4243, was repealed by The Mining Act, Commonwealth Act No. 137 in 1936, [7] as amended several times by acts and decrees. [1] [8]

Renewable energy laws

The first hydroelectric power law dates from 1933, Act No. 4062. [1] [9] Commonwealth Act No. 120 of 1936 created the National Power Corporation, [10] and was amended several times through to 1967. [1] [11]

A subsequent law, Republic Act 9513, known as the Renewable Energy Law, which encourages the development and use of non-traditional energy sources, has since come in being. [12]

See also

Further reading

Paul Cook, Leading Issues in Competition, Regulation, and Development, The energy industry in the Philippines, p. 383

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Art Abernales' website Energy law page. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  2. ↑ Art Abernales' website Act 667 page. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  3. ↑ Art Abernales' website Act 1022 page. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  4. ↑ Act No. 3636, as amended by Commonwealth Act 132 of 1936. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  5. ↑ Art Abernales' website Act No. 2719 page, as amended by Act No. 3516 and Republic Act 740. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  6. ↑ Act No. 2932. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  7. ↑ Commonwealth Act No. 137. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  8. ↑ See Republic Act No. 225, Republic Act No. 746, Republic Act No. 4388, Presidential Decree No. 99-a, Presidential Decree No. 295, Presidential Decree No. 463, Presidential Decree No. 1383, and Presidential Decree No. 1677. Some of the decrees by Ferdinand Marcos allowed "exploitation" of resources to unsustainable levels, strip mining and/or deforestation. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  9. ↑ Act No. 4062. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  10. ↑ Commonwealth Act No. 120. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  11. ↑ See Republic Act No. 358, Republic Act No. 1397, Republic Act No. 2058, Republic Act No. 2641, Republic Act No. 3043, and Republic Act No. 4897. Accessed November 16, 2009.
  12. ↑ Asia Pacific Tax Notes, p. 52, found at PriceWaterhouseCoopers China website [ permanent dead link ]. Accessed November 16, 2009.
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