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Tibet,or Greater Tibet,is a region in the central part of East Asia,covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi). It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as the Monpa,Tamang,Qiang,Sherpa and Lhoba peoples and,since the 20th century,considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui settlers. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1951,the entire plateau has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China. Tibet is divided administratively into the Tibet Autonomous Region,and parts of the Qinghai,Gansu,Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Tibet is also constitutionally claimed by the Republic of China as the Tibet Area since 1912. Tibet is the highest region on Earth,with an average elevation of 4,380 m (14,000 ft). Located in the Himalayas,the highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest,Earth's highest mountain,rising 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft) above sea level.
Ladakh is a region administered by India as a union territory and constitutes an eastern portion of the larger Kashmir region that has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and India and China since 1959. Ladakh is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east,the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south,both the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan to the west,and the southwest corner of Xinjiang across the Karakoram Pass in the far north. It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the main Great Himalayas to the south. The eastern end,consisting of the uninhabited Aksai Chin plains,is claimed by the Indian Government as part of Ladakh,but has been under Chinese control.
The flag of Tibet,also known as the "Snow Lion flag",depicts a white snow-covered mountain,a yellow sun with red and blue rays emanating from it,two Tibetan snow lions,a multi-coloured jewel representing Buddhist values,a taijitu and a yellow border around three of its four sides. The flag was used as the national flag of the independent country of Tibet from 1916 until 1951,when Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China. It was adopted by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1916 and used in Tibet until the Tibetan uprising of 1959,after which the flag was outlawed in the People's Republic of China. While the Tibetan flag is illegal in Tibet today as it is governed by the PRC as the Tibet Autonomous Region,it continues to be used by the Central Tibetan Administration,the Tibetan government-in-exile based in Dharamshala in India,and by pro-Tibet groups all over the world to show support for human rights in Tibet and Tibetan independence.
Seven Years in Tibet is a 1997 American biographical war drama film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud. It is based on Austrian mountaineer and Schutzstaffel (SS) sergeant Heinrich Harrer's 1952 memoir of the same name,about his experiences in Tibet between 1944 and 1951. Seven Years in Tibet stars Brad Pitt and David Thewlis,and has music composed by John Williams with a feature performance by cellist Yo-Yo Ma.
The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies,formerly called Central University for Tibetan Studies (CUTS),is a Deemed University founded in Sarnath,Varanasi,India,in 1967,as an autonomous organisation under Union Ministry of Culture. The CIHTS was founded by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru in consultation with Tenzin Gyatso,the 14th Dalai Lama,with the aim of educating Tibetan youths in exile and Himalayan border students as well as with the aim of retranslating lost Indo-Buddhist Sanskrit texts that now existed only in Tibetan,into Sanskrit,to Hindi,and other modern Indian languages.
Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen,1894–1977,known also as Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen,Tenzin Gyaltsen,and various other names like Kunu Rinpoche,Kunu Lama and Negi Lama,was born in 1894 in the village of Sunam which lies in the Kinnaur district of India in the western Himalayas. He passed away at the age of 82 at Shashur Monastery in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachel Pradesh on February 23,1977,while teaching the final page of Gampopa's Jewel Ornament of Liberation. Khunu Rinpoche was not officially recognized as a tulku,nor was he an ordained Buddhist monk,but a layman who had taken lay practitioner's vows before becoming a Tibetan Buddhist master.
Sonam is a given name. It is a Tibetan name meaning "merit". Separately,it is also a name in various Indo-Aryan languages.
The 14th Dalai Lama is,as the incumbent Dalai Lama,the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. By the adherents of Tibetan Buddhism,he is considered a living Bodhisattva;specifically,an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit,and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school,the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism,formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet at the time of his selection,the Ganden Phodrang,invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959.
Lochen Rinchen Zangpo,also known as Mahaguru,was a principal lotsawa or translator of Sanskrit Buddhist texts into Tibetan during the second diffusion of Buddhism in Tibet,variously called the New Translation School,New Mantra School or New Tantra Tradition School. He was a student of the famous Indian master,Atisha. His associates included (Locheng) Legpai Sherab. Zangpo's disciple Guge Kyithangpa Yeshepal wrote Zangpo's biography. He is said to have built over one hundred monasteries in Western Tibet,including the famous Tabo Monastery in Spiti,Himachal Pradesh,Poo in Kinnaur and Rinchenling monastery in Nepal.
Tabo Monastery is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley,Himachal Pradesh,northern India. It was founded in 996 CE in the Tibetan year of the Fire Ape by the Tibetan Buddhist lotsawa (translator) Rinchen Zangpo,on behalf of the king of western Himalayan Kingdom of Guge,Yeshe-Ö. Tabo is noted for being the oldest continuously operating Buddhist enclave in both India and the Himalayas. A large number of frescoes displayed on its walls depict tales from the Buddhist pantheon. There are many priceless collections of thankas,manuscripts,well-preserved statues,frescos and extensive murals which cover almost every wall. The monastery is in need of refurbishing as the wooden structures are aging and the thanka scroll paintings are fading. After the earthquake of 1975,the monastery was rebuilt,and in 1983 a new Du-kang or Assembly Hall was constructed. It is here that the 14th Dalai Lama held the Kalachakra ceremonies in 1983 and 1996. The monastery is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as a national historic treasure of India.
Buddhism in the Himachal Pradesh state of India of has been a long-recorded practice. The spread of Buddhism in the region has occurred intermediately throughout its history. Starting in the 3rd century BCE,Buddhism was propagated by the Maurya Empire under the reign of Ashoka. The region would remain an important center for Buddhism under the Kushan Empire and its vassals. Over the centuries the following of Buddhism has greatly fluctuated. Yet by experiencing revivals and migrations,Buddhism continued to be rooted in the region,particularly in the Lahaul,Spiti and Kinnaur valleys.
There is a small Mongolian community in India,comprising mostly Buddhist monks and scholars as well as international students from Mongolia.
Chumar or Chumur is a village and the centre of nomadic grazing region located in south-eastern Ladakh,India. It is in Rupshu block,south of the Tso Moriri lake,on the bank of the Parang River,close to Ladakh's border with Tibet. Since 2012,China has disputed the border in this area,though the Chumur village itself is undisputed.
The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang was the Tibetan system of government established by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642,after the Oirat lord Güshi Khan who founded the Khoshut Khanate conferred all temporal power on the 5th Dalai Lama in a ceremony in Shigatse in the same year. Lhasa again became the capital of Tibet,and the Ganden Phodrang operated until the 1950s. The Ganden Phodrang accepted China's Qing emperors as overlords after the 1720 expedition,and the Qing became increasingly active in governing Tibet starting in the early 18th century. After the fall of the Qing empire in 1912,the Ganden Phodrang government lasted until the 1950s,when Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China. During most of the time from the early Qing period until the end of Ganden Phodrang rule,a governing council known as the Kashag operated as the highest authority in the Ganden Phodrang administration.
The Central Institute of Buddhist Studies,formerly known as the School of Buddhist Philosophy,located in Leh town of Ladakh is a deemed university under Ministry of Culture. It was founded in 1959 and formerly affiliated to the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi.
Demchok,previously called New Demchok,and called Parigas by the Chinese,is a village and military encampment in the Indian-administered Demchok sector,that is disputed between India and China. It is administered as part of the Nyoma tehsil in the Leh district of Ladakh by India,and claimed by China as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Tibet–India relations are said to have begun during the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India during the 6th century AD. In 1959,the Dalai Lama fled to India after the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising. Since then,Tibetans-in-exile have been given asylum in India,with the Indian government accommodating them into 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country,creating the Tibetan diaspora. From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011,the number fell to 85,000 in 2018,according to government data. Many Tibetans are now leaving India to go back to Tibet and other countries such as United States or Germany. The Government of India,soon after India's independence in 1947,treated Tibet as a de facto independent country. However,more recently India's policy on Tibet has been mindful of Chinese sensibilities,and has recognized Tibet as a part of China.
Demchok,was described by a British boundary commission in 1847 as a village lying on the border between the Kingdom of Ladakh and the Tibet. It was a "hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents",divided into two parts by a rivulet which formed the boundary between the two states. The rivulet,a tributary of the Indus River variously called the Demchok River,Charding Nullah,or the Lhari stream,was set as the boundary between Ladakh and Tibet in the 1684 Treaty of Tingmosgang. By 1904–05,the Tibetan side of the hamlet was said to have had 8 to 9 huts of zamindars (landholders),while the Ladakhi side had two. The area of the former Demchok now straddles the Line of Actual Control,the effective border of the People's Republic of China's Tibet Autonomous Region and the Republic of India's Ladakh Union Territory.
Dumchele or Dhumtsele (Chinese:都木契列;pinyin:Dōu mùqìliè,Tibetan:སྡུམ་མཚེས་ལེ་,Wylie:sdum mtshes le,THL:dum tsélé) is a village and a grazing area in Skakjung pasture near the Line of Actual Control between Ladakh and Tibet,administered by China since October 1962 but claimed by India. The locale is in the disputed Demchok sector,about 50 kilometers northwest from Demchok and 50 kilometers southeast of Chushul. It lies on a historic trade route between Ladakh and Rutog,with an erstwhile border pass at Chang La or Shingong La to the southeast of Dumchele.
Zemithang or Pangchen,is a village and the headquarters of an eponymous circle in the Tawang district of Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It is on the bank of the Nyamjang Chu river,which originates in Tibet and enters India from the north near the locality called Khinzemane.
References
- ↑ "Phunchok Stobdan". www.delhipolicygroup.org. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
- ↑ "Prof. Phunchok Stobdan to be the next Ambassador of India to Kyrgyzstan".
- 1 2 3 Phunchok Stobdan (profile), Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ↑ "Former diplomat Stobdan's comments on Dalai Lama spark row, Leh markets shut on Monday". The Print.
- ↑ Shyam Saran (16 February 2020). "Rocky Mountain High (book review)". Indian Express.
- ↑ Bérénice Guyot-Réchard (6 March 2020). "Buddhist power politics". India Today.
- ↑ Ajay Banerjee (1 December 2019). "Why Tibet can cause the great Himalayan divide". The Tribune (Chandigarh).
- ↑ PTI (12 October 2019). "Book looks at Sino-India ties through prism of Buddhist Himalayas". Outlook.
- ↑ P. Stobdan (26 May 2020). "As China intrudes across LAC, India must be alert to a larger strategic shift". Indian Express.
