Pierre Hincelin (or Hencelin;died 15 June 1695) was a French soldier who was the King's Lieutenant on Guadeloupe. He fought on Antigua in 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. He was governor of Guadeloupe from 1677 to 1694. The Nine Years' War broke out in 1688 and Guadeloupe was invaded by the English in 1691. The French defenders were outnumbered and retreated,but the effect of disease,heavy rain and the arrival of French reinforcements led to the English leaving after a few weeks.
Hincelin was the brother-in-law of Charles Houël du Petit Pré.[1] Houël was governor of Guadeloupe from 1643 to 1656.[2] Houël had taken leave in Paris, where he married Mlle. Hincelin. They returned in 1656.[3] Hincelin was appointed the king's lieutenant on Guadeloupe.[1] Houël signed a solemn peace treaty with the Island Caribs in 1660. It proved more difficult to maintain peace within the leading families of Guadeloupe. The cantankerous governor soon stirred up quarrels with his brother and his nephews.[4] Hincelin thought he could take advantage of the situation and almost came to blows with Houël. The king was dragged into the quarrel, and on 25 May 1660 wrote a letter to the aging lieutenant-general Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy asking him to restore peace on Guadeloupe and to stop the proceedings of Houeil against the widow of Jacques de Boisseret and her children.[5]
Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, appointed lieutenant-general of the American mainland and islands, left La Rochelle on 26 February 1664, took 200 colonists under Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre to Cayenne, then sailed north to reach Martinique on 3 June 1664. There he published a 26-point ordinance spelling out punishments for offenses such as blasphemy and miscegenation.[6] Tracy reached Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe on 23 June 1664, and instructed Houäl, d'Erbray and Théméricourt to leave for France. He made Claude François du Lyon governor of Guadeloupe and Gabriel de Folio, sieur des Roses commander of Marie-Galante. Hincelin was authorized to remain in Guadeloupe to look after the interests of his brother-in-law.[7]
During the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1666–67) La Barre, newly appointed lieutenant-general arrived in the Antilles late in 1866 with a fleet and 400 soldiers.[8] A council of war was held on Martinique in late 1866 in which it was agreed to attack Antigua.[9] A fleet under the command of La Barre arrived in Antigua on 4 November 1666.[10] After overcoming some resistance governor Robert de Clodoré of Martinique accepted the English capitulation on 10 November 1666.[11] The French then left for Saint Christophe.[12] On 30 November 1666 Clodoré returned to Saint John's harbor, Antigua with almost 1,000 men. He learned that 900 Englishmen from Barbuda and Nevis had gathered in the northern district of Pope's Head and were being joined by Antiguan settlers. Clodoré took his fleet to Pope's head where he disembarked his force, with Hencelin and Blondel as seconds in command. They at once charged into the English force which fled in disarray and escaped by sea. There were no French casualties.[10]
Governor of Guadeloupe
Charles François du Lyon, governor of Guadeloupe, died in July 1677. Hincelin was named provisional governor in his place.[1] He became governor of Guadeloupe on 5 July 1677 under Charles de Courbon de Blénac, governor and lieutenant-general of the islands and mainland of America. [13] The king named M. de Baaz de l'Herpinière, nephew of the former governor general Jean-Charles de Baas, as the successor to Du Lion. When that nomination failed to take effect, Hincelin was confirmed as governor.[14]
During the Nine Years' War (1688–97) the governor general Blénac resigned on 29 January 1690 after criticism of his lack of response to the English attacks on Saint Barthélemy, Marie-Galante and Saint Martin, and returned to France to defend himself at court.[15]François d'Alesso d'Éragny was appointed his successor in May 1690, but the marquis de Seignelay did not treat his departure as a matter of urgency.[16] D'Eragny arrived in Martinique on 5 February 1691 with 14 ships and began to strengthen the defenses.[15]
Guadeloupe (left) and Marie-Galante (lower right)
In April 1691 an English fleet under Commodore Wright and Governor General Christopher Codrington disembarked troops in Marie-Galante, which they captured from the 240-man garrison under governor Charles Auger. On 1 May 1691 the English fleet arrived off the west of Guadeloupe and bombarded the town of Baillif to the north of Basse-Terre before disembarking further north at Anse à la Barque.[17] Hincelin was suffering from severe hydropsy.[18] He was ill and bedridden, thought the English were bluffing and sent only a small force north to watch the English. Codrington advanced south against weak resistance.[17] 400 men under the king's lieutenant Robert Cloche de La Malmaison delayed the English before being forced back.[18] On 3 May the English defeated a French force at the Duplessis River, and resistance collapsed.[17]
The French retreated south past Baillif and Basse-Terre.[17] Some of the French troops took refuge in Fort Saint-Charles(fr) and were besieged.[15] The next day the English set fire to Basse-Terre.[17] On 23 May Codrington, whose force was becoming weakened by disease, heard that a French fleet under Jean-Baptiste Ducasse had arrived with reinforcements.[19] The French force regained Marie-Galante and then started disembarking reinforcements in the northeast Grand-Terre district.[20] Codrington hastily reembarked leaving behind cannons and some of his wounded.[21] The English left the island on 25 May.[20]
Death and succession
Hincelin, who had long been ill, died on 15 June 1695. He left his considerable fortune to the four religious orders on Guadeloupe.[22] He was succeeded as governor of Guadeloupe by Charles Auger, who took office on 15 July 1695.[2]
Guadeloupe is an overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and two Îles des Saintes—as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings. It is south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat and north of Dominica. The capital city is Basse-Terre, on the southern west coast of Basse-Terre Island; the most populous city is Les Abymes and the main centre of business is neighbouring Pointe-à-Pitre, both on Grande-Terre Island. It had a population of 395,726 in 2024.
Basse-Terre is a commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is also the prefecture of Guadeloupe. The city of Basse-Terre is located on Basse-Terre Island, the western half of Guadeloupe.
The Îles des Saintes, also known as Les Saintes, is a group of small islands in the archipelago of Guadeloupe, an overseas department of France. It is part of the Canton of Trois-Rivières and is divided into two communes: Terre-de-Haut and Terre-de-Bas. It is in the arrondissement of Basse-Terre and also in Guadeloupe's 4th constituency.
Gabriel-Mathieu Francois D'ceus de Clieu was a French naval officer and the governor of Guadeloupe from 1737 to 1752 and the founder of Pointe-à-Pitre. He was awarded the rank of commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis.
Articles related to the French overseas department of Guadeloupe include:
The siege of Guadeloupe took place from March to May 1703 during the War of the Spanish Succession, when an English expeditionary force led by Christopher Codrington landed on Guadeloupe in the French West Indies, and laid siege to the capital of Basse-Terre. Charles Auger, the French governor, received reinforcements from Martinique led by Nicolas de Gabaret. The latter opted for a Fabian strategy and scorched earth tactics, destroying resources and Fort St Charles in the process. A lack of supplies and heavy losses from disease forced the English to lift the siege in May.
The Invasion of Guadeloupe was the last conflict between French and British forces during the Napoleonic Wars, and took place after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo.
Charles Houël du Petit Pré was a French governor of Guadeloupe from 1643 to 1664. He was also knight and lord.
Robert le Frichot des Friches, sieur de Clodoré was a French governor of Martinique from 1665 to 1667. He was an energetic and effective leader during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in which France was an ally of the Dutch from the start of 1666. He used Caribs as auxiliaries, and helped take several islands in the Antilles from the English.
François Rolle, Sieur de Laubière was a French soldier who was acting governor of Martinique from 1667 to 1672. As a militia leader he helped defeat the indigenous Caribs and established full French control over the island.
François d'Alesso, Marquis d'Éragny was a French soldier who was briefly governor general of the French Antilles.
Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges, chevalier de Guitaut was a French army and naval officer who became governor of Martinique and then of Saint Christophe. He was three times acting lieutenant-general of the French Antilles.
Gabriel-Jean Nicolas Gabaret de Saint-Sornin was a French colonial official who was governor of Grenada in the French West Indies, and then for over twenty years was governor of Martinique. He was deputy to the governor general of the French Antilles, and was twice acting governor general of the French Antilles. In his last year he was governor of Saint-Domingue
Jean-Baptiste de Gennes, comte d'Oyac was a French naval officer who is known as an early French explorer of the Straits of Magellan. He was the last governor of the French colony of Saint-Christophe on the West Indian island now called Saint Kitts. After he surrendered the island to the English during the War of the Spanish Succession he was tried and found guilty of cowardice. He died before his appeal to this verdict could be heard. He was also an inventor, and among other devices invented a power loom driven by a mill wheel.
Charles Auger de La Motte was a French colonial administrator. He was governor in turn of Marie-Galante, Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue.
Bonnaventure-François de Boisfermé was a French soldier and colonial administrator. He was commander or acting governor in Marie-Galante, Guadeloupe and Martinique. He was appointed governor of Grenada but died before taking office.
Georges Robert Cloche de Mont-Saint-Rémy de La Malmaison was a French soldier and colonial administrator who was governor of Guadeloupe from 1705 until his death in 1717. In 1713–15 he was acting governor general of the French Antilles
Claude François du Lyon was a squire of the King, Sieur de Poinson et Poinsenot and Governor of Guadeloupe from 1664 to 1668 on behalf of the French West India Company.
Jean du Plessis, sieur d’Ossonville was a joint leader of the French expedition that established a colony on the island of Guadeloupe in 1635. He died on the island after less than six months.
Charles Liénard, sieur de L'Olive was a French colonial leader who was the first governor of Guadeloupe.
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