The Pine Grove Furnace Prisoner of War Interrogation Camp was a secret World War II camp for interrogating German prisoners of war (POWs) located in a remote region in southern Pennsylvania, selected partly because of its proximity to Washington, DC. It operated from 1943 to 1945. Some ruins of the facility remain today.[1][2]
The site that became the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp served a variety of purposes prior to becoming a POW camp. It was initially settled as farmland, known as the Bunker Hill Farm, which was approximately 250 acres (100ha) in size.[3]
In the 18th century, iron ore was discovered in the region. With abundant forest, the region also had an ample supply of charcoal. The availability of these resources gave rise to the local iron industry, especially by the Pine Grove Iron Works.[lower-alpha 1] At its peak, the company's operations encompassed approximately 60 square miles (160km2) in the region.[3]
By the latter part of the 19th century, the iron industry was in significant decline. This resulted in the sale of the property belonging to the South Mountain Iron Company to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1912. The Gardner farm also opened on this property following the closure of the iron works. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania turned much of this property and surrounding regions into a state forest reserve.[3]:16
CCC Camp
On May 22, 1933, the United States Government officially opened the Pine Grove Furnace Civilian Conservation Corps Camp, which it designated as Camp S-51-PA. Like other camps of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), S-51-PA was administered under the auspices of the United States Army. S-51-PA was part of Company 329 of the CCC. The men of S-51-PA engaged in construction, forest management, and fire protection. They also had educational opportunities at the camp. The camp served approximately 200 men at any given time. The camp was 103 acres (42ha) in area,[lower-alpha 2] although the workers at S-51-PA serviced a much larger area. As the involvement of the United States in World War II was becoming significant, the need for CCC diminished and Camp S-51-PA closed in February 1942.[3]:17–28
POW interrogation camp
The need for prisoner of war camps in the United States increased as World War II progressed. In particular, United States military officials believed that some of the prisoners were in possession of information of strategic value to the war effort. Officials in the intelligence organizations of the United States War Department perceived that the remoteness of facilities at Pine Grove Furnace provided security advantages while retaining the advantage of proximity to decision-makers in Washington, DC.[3]:29–74
Farm house ruin adjacent to the POW camp where horses were stabled in case of POW escape
The War Department acquired the former CCC camp in December 1942. Construction work to convert the facility into a POW interrogation camp began on February 22, 1943, with construction carried out by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, using a design from the architectural firm William S. Lozier, Inc.[3]:29–74
Pine Grove Furnace Prisoner of War Interrogation Camp supplemented previously established interrogation facilities at Fort Hunt in Virginia and at Camp Tracy in California.[2]
The camp was constructed with a compound to house prisoners of war who were German military officers, with a second compound for enlisted soldiers. Later a third compound was built to house Japanese prisoners of war.[2]
The Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp became operational on May 20, 1943. Because of security considerations, the camp was referred to in unclassified documents as the "3300th Service Unit", with a mailing address of "Armed Service Forces, Third Service Command, P.O. Box 167, Carlisle, Pennsylvania". Military Police Officer Captain John F. Houck was the first commander of the camp, serving until Fall 1944. Then the camp commander was Captain Lawrence C. Thomas, who also commanded the World War II Prisoner of War Camp, Gettysburg Battlefield, Pennsylvania. Thomas was also selected because of his fluency in the German language.[3]:29–74[5]
The guards at Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp were usually soldiers who had been wounded in combat but continued their duty by serving as POW prison guards.[3]:29–74
The Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp served as a facility for initial interrogation of prisoners of war as they were transported to the United States. At the camp, their value as intelligence sources was assessed by camp staff, and then the prisoners were then transported to other facilities according to their value. As such, most prisoners stayed at the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp for a time period of days to weeks. This simplified security considerations at the camp, and the camp had no reported escapes.[3]:29–74
Because of the use of the camp to identify prisoners of war with significant value as intelligence sources and sort them from other prisoners of war, the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp is reported to be unique among the many WWII POW camps in the United States. The camp was neither a holding facility nor a detailed interrogation facility, unlike other POW camps.[6]
Initially, the prisoners at the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp were from the German Afrika Korps and from the German U-Boat corps. The prison population expanded during its service and eventually included a small number of Japanese Prisoners of War.[3]:29–74
Treatment of the prisoners of war at the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp was reported to be consistent with the mandates of the 1929 Geneva Convention. Prisoners had suitable personal space, diet, and recreation opportunities.[6]
During their time at the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp, prisoners carried out various tasks consistent with the camp's security concerns. Their tasks extended to various artworks, and several of the prisoners artworks remain on display by the Cumberland County Historical Society. At least one of the prisoners, Heinrich Backhaus, became a professional artist.[3]:29–74
The camp officially closed as a prisoner of war facility on 28 November 1948. At that time, the camp was returned to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as part of the Michaux State Forest.[3]:29–74 Approximately 7500 German prisoners of war passed through the Pine Grove Furnace Prisoner of War Interrogation Camp and approximately 161 Japanese prisoners of war.[2]
Camp Michaux
External media
Media links for the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp
On July 1, 1947, the site that had been the Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp was acquired jointly by the Mercersburg Synod of the Evangelical and Reformed Church and the Synod of Pennsylvania of the United Presbyterian Church, as a lease from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. They used the facility as a church youth camp, operating all year long. The lessees renamed the facility Camp Michaux, since it was part of the Michaux State Forest.[3]:75–80
While the new operators made improvements to the camp, they used many of the same facilities built to house prisoners of war. The prisoners' artworks remained on display at Camp Michaux.[3]:75–80
The cost of maintaining the aging camp became too much for the religiously-affiliated operators of Camp Michaux. The camp closed permanently on 31 Dec 1972, mostly for cost considerations. It is presently possible for visitors to tour the camp because of its historical significance and view various ruins.[3]:75–80 The Cumberland County Historical Society provides a guide to a self-guided walking tour of the grounds.[2]
In 2020, Camp Michaux was the subject of an archeological evaluation, with few artifacts being found that relate to the facility's use as a POW interrogation camp.[6]
↑ The acreage that changed ownership over the course of the camp's history varied, depending on the purpose of the transaction.
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The Pine Grove Railroad Station was the end of the line for the 1870 South Mountain Railroad, which transported materials from limestone pits and three operating ore mines for the Pine Grove Iron Works. The station had a roundhouse and, by 1872, a depot with siding "Pine Grove" was listed on the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad's passenger schedule of April 21, 1884; and the SMRR railroad offices and repair shops were transferred to the 1891 Hunter's Run and Slate Belt Railroad with the station servicing the 1892 Fuller Brick and Slate Company south of the tracks Despite a 1902 forest fire in the area that destroyed buildings, both "Pine Grove Furnace" and "Pine Grove Park" were listed as 1904 HR & SB RR railway stations, and in 1912 new Reading Company track was laid to Pine Grove on "the former Hunters Run and Slate Belt Line". The Pine Grove area was sold to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1913, the tracks and ties have been removed, and the station area is part of the Pine Grove Furnace State Park.
Pine Grove Park was a South Mountain Railroad excursion park "in a grove of magnificent trees" established by Colonel Jackson C. Fuller c. 1881 It was located east of the Pine Grove Iron Works near Toland in Cumberland County, south-central Pennsylvania It was in the South Mountain Range of the northern Blue Ridge Mountains System.
1 2 3 Masters, E.R. (2020). "A Study of the Prisoner Experience at the Pine Grove Iron Furnace POW Camp: A World War II Interrogation Camp" (Publication No. 28156975). [Masters Dissertation: Indiana University of Pennsylvania]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Further reading
Bland, John Paul. Secret War at Home: The Pine Grove Furnace Prisoner of War Interrogation Camp. Cumberland County Historical Society. 2006 ISBN 0-9785645-1-0.
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