Po Jatamah | |
---|---|
King of Champa King of Panduranga | |
King of Champa | |
Reign | 1657–1659 |
Predecessor | Po Saktiraydapaghoh |
Successor | Po Saut |
Born | ? Champa |
Died | 1659 Bal Pangdurang (Phan Rí) |
Spouse | daughter of Po Saktiraydapaghoh |
Po Jatamah (died 1659) was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1657 to 1659. His exact origins are not known, but he was able to gain the throne after the short-lived Po Saktiraydapaghoh since he was married to his daughter. [1] This occurred although the deceased king had at least two sons, who later became kings. The succession indicates the strength of the matrilinear system of the Chams. The new king was ordained by the Nguyễn lord of Annam and received the governing title Ndo Naok Ndai Tang Kuan. [2]
Champa had lost the northern region, from Cù Mông to Kauthara (Khánh Hòa), to the Nguyễn lord in 1653, and the Cham rulers henceforth had to pay tribute. However, they were still autonomous. During Po Jatamah's brief reign, important events happened in the immediate surroundings of Champa. The Cambodian ruler Ramathipadi I was a Muslim and kept his position with the help of Cham and Malay soldiers. In 1658 he was, however, defeated and captured through a Vietnamese invasion. He died in Champa in the next year as he was about to return to Cambodia. [3] The Nguyễn regime now established its authority in the easternmost territory of Cambodia, later known as Biên Hòa. This became a severe challenge for the Cham rump kingdom in Panduranga, since it now had the Vietnamese both to the north and the south. [4] Po Jatamah passed away shortly after these events, in 1659. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law Po Saut. [5]
Champa was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century CE until 1832. According to earliest historical references found in ancient sources, the first Cham polities were established around the 2nd to 3rd centuries CE, in the wake of Khu Liên's rebellion against the rule of China's Eastern Han dynasty, and lasted until when the final remaining principality of Champa was annexed by Emperor Minh Mạng of the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty as part of the expansionist Nam tiến policy. The kingdom was known variously as Nagaracampa, Champa (ꨌꩌꨛꨩ) in modern Cham, and Châmpa (ចាម្ប៉ា) in the Khmer inscriptions, Chiêm Thành in Vietnamese and Zhànchéng in Chinese records, and al-Ṣanf in Middle Eastern Muslim records.
Ngô Văn Doanh is a Vietnamese archaeologist, social scientist and cultural researcher. He is a professor of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies of the Vietnamese Institute of Social Sciences, which he joined in 1974, and served as Deputy Director from 1999 until 2006. He has conducted much research into Vietnamese culture, particularly Champa culture in the Central Highlands. In 2002 he published a book, Champa Ancient Towers: Reality and Legend on Champa architecture and legend.
Panduranga or Prangdarang was a Cham Principality. Panduranga was the rump state of the Champa kingdom after Lê Thánh Tông, emperor of Đại Việt, destroyed Champa in 1471 in retaliation for centuries of Cham invasions and piracy. The Panduranga principality was located in present-day south-central Vietnam and its centre is around the modern day city of Phan Rang. It stood until late 17th century when the Nguyễn lords of Đàng Trong, a powerful Vietnamese clan, vassalized it and subjugated the Cham polity as the Principality of Thuận Thành.
Po Phaok The (?–1835), also known as Po Phaok or Cei Phaok The, was the last ruler of Champa from 1829 to 1832. His Vietnamese name was Nguyễn Văn Thừa (阮文承).
Po Tisuntiraidapuran (?–1793) was a ruler of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from from 1780 to 1781 or 1782, and again from 1786 to 1793. His Vietnamese name was Nguyễn Văn Tá (阮文佐). He ruled in a difficult time, when the Tây Sơn wars ravaged Vietnam. The ruler generally supported the Tây Sơn rebels against Nguyễn Ánh and was finally executed by the last-mentioned.
Po Ladhuanpuguh was the ruler of Champa from 1793 to 1799. His Vietnamese name was Nguyễn Văn Hào (阮文豪).
Po Saut (?–1694), also spelled Po Saot or Po Sot, sometimes known as Wan Daim, was the king of Panduranga Champa who ruled from 1660 to 1693. In Vietnamese records, he was mentioned as Bà Tranh (婆爭). He was also the last king of independent Champa.
Katip Sumat uprising was a revolt in 19th century Southern Vietnam. It was led by Cham Muslim leader Katip Sumat. This is the only ever-recorded jihad war involving Vietnam.
Ja Thak Wa uprising was a revolt led by two ethnic Cham leaders, Ja Thak Wa and Po War Palei, against the Vietnamese government under Emperor Minh Mạng in 19th century southern Vietnam.
Po Krei Brei (?–?), also known as Cei Kei Brei, was a ruler of Champa who briefly ruled in 1783-1786 and again in 1790. His Vietnamese name was Nguyễn Văn Chiêu (阮文昭). His Muslim name was Muhammad Ali ibn Wan Daim. He had a brief rule in the shadow of the Tây Sơn wars that engulfed Vietnam between 1771 and 1802, and ended his life as a refugee in Cambodia.
Po Saktiraydapatih (?–1728), also spelled Po Saktiray Depatih, Po Saktiray Da Patih or Po Saktiraydaputih, was the king of Champa who ruled from 1695 to 1728. In Vietnamese records, he was mentioned as Kế Bà Tử (繼婆子).
The Ja Lidong rebellion was a Cham anti-Vietnamese rebellion led by a Cham leader named Ja Lidong in 1822–23. Ja Lidong was either a Cham or a highlander, and his multi-ethnic revolt consisted of both Cham and highlanders of Churu, Raglai, Koho backgrounds.
The last Cham kingdom, Panduranga or the Principality of Thuận Thành, was annexed by Minh Mang of Vietnam in August 1832. In response, the Cham resistance movement led by Ja Thak Wa established a second Kingdom of Champa in 1834 upon the launching of his large-scale Cham revolution against Vietnamese ruler Minh Mang's wake of oppression over the old Champa. It was dissolved in the following year when Vietnamese forces crushed the resistance movement.
Principality of Thuận Thành, commonly known to the Cham as Pänduranga or Prangdarang, neologism Panduranga Champa, was the last Cham state that centered around the modern day city of Phan Rang in south-central Vietnam. Both Thuận Thành of Vietnamese perspectives and Panduranga were mutually used to refer to the last Cham polity. The decline and fading of Champa did not happen in a short period. Instead, for a long period from the late 17th century to 1832, Panduranga had been confined as an ad hoc client state of various Vietnamese dominions, but still maintained its faint independence. After a Cham revolt in 1692–94 and pressures from Cham king Po Saktiraydapatih, Southern Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu abolished his annexation of Panduranga and revived the Champa kingdom under the byname of Trấn Thuận Thành or the Principality of Thuận Thành, effectively made it a client state of the Nguyễn domain throughout the 18th century. Constant upheavals, social unrest, and the Tay Son rebellion in Dai Viet overthrew the ruling Nguyen and Trinh domains and Le dynasty during the late 18th century, and as long civil wars between Vietnamese factions raged, the principality of Thuận Thành continued to survive until summer 1832 when Vietnamese emperor Minh Mang annexed and incorporated the kingdom of Thuận Thành into his territory, decisively marking the final demise of the millennial Champa Kingdoms.
Po Saktiraydapaghoh, sometimes known as Po Phiktirai da Paghuh, original name Phik Cak, was a King of Champa who ruled from 1654 to 1657 as a tributary of the Nguyễn lord of Annam.
Po Ganuhpatih was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1728 to 1730. His name is also spelt Po Ganvich da Patih.
Po Thuntiraidaputih was a King of Champa in Panduranga who ruled from 1731 to 1732.
Po Rattiraydaputao, also known as Po Rattirai da putih or Rat da patau, was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1735 to 1763. He reigned under the increasing pressure of Vietnamese domination and migration into Cham lands, but his time was peaceful apart from an incident in 1746.
Po Tisundimahrai was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1763 to 1765. The name is also written Po Thathun da Moehrai. He led a brief reign under the domination of the Nguyễn lord of Đàng Trong.
Po Tisuntiraydapaghoh was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1768 to 1780. His name is also spelt Po Tithun da Paghuh. He reigned during the early phases of the Tây Sơn wars that embroiled Vietnam in extensive warfare from 1771 to 1802, and succumbed as consequence of the conflict.