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Champa were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is comtemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century AD until 1832, when it was annexed by the Vietnamese Empire under its emperor Minh Mạng. The kingdom was known variously as Nagaracampa, Champa (ꨌꩌꨛꨩ) in modern Cham, and Châmpa (ចាម្ប៉ា) in the Khmer inscriptions, Chiêm Thành in Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and Zhànchéng in Chinese records.
Po Nagar is a Cham temple tower founded sometime before 781 C.E. and located in the medieval principality of Kauthara, near modern Nha Trang in Vietnam. It is dedicated to Yan Po Nagar, the goddess of the country, who came to be identified with the Hindu goddesses Bhagavati and Mahishasuramardini, and who in Vietnamese is called Thiên Y Thánh Mẫu.
Indravarman VI, Ba Dich Lai, Chang-pa-ti-lai, Virabhadravarman, or Ngauk Klaung Vijaya was a king of Champa, ruling from 1400 to 1441. He took the regnal name Indravarman when crowned in 1432.
Jaya Simhavarman III, Chế Mân (制旻), or Prince Harijit, son of King Indravarman V and Queen Gaurendraksmi, was a king of Champa during a time when the threat of the Mongols was imminent. He held the title the half-king/junior king (arddharāja) on behalf of his father.
Indrapura was the capital city of the kingdom of Champa from 875 AD until 982, or until 12th century AD, for several decades, under the reign of Indravarman I (877-890) and some of his followers belonging to the 6th dynasty in Dong Duong. The word Indrapura means "City of Indra" in Sanskrit, Indra being the Hindu God of Storm and War, and King of the Gods in the Rig Veda.
Vijaya, also known as Vijayapura, is an ancient city in Bình Định province, Vietnam. From the 12th century, it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Champa until it was conquered by Dai Viet during the Champa–Dai Viet War of 1471.
The history of Champa begins in prehistory with the migration of the ancestors of the Cham people to mainland Southeast Asia and the founding of their Indianized maritime kingdom based in what is now central Vietnam in the early centuries AD, and ends when the final vestiges of the kingdom were annexed and absorbed by Vietnam in 1832.
Panduranga or Prangdarang was a Cham Principality and later, the rump state successor of the Champa kingdom, which was destroyed by Vietnamese emperor Le Thanh Tong in 1471. It was located in present-day Southcentral Vietnam. It stood until late 17th century as the Nguyen lords of Cochinchina, a powerful Vietnamese clan, vassalized it and put the Cham polity under the name Principality of Thuận Thành.
The Đại Việt–Khmer War were a series of wars and conflicts fought between the Kingdom of Đại Việt and the combined forces of Champa and the Khmer Empire between 1123 and 1150.
Champa–Dai Viet War of 982 or Cham–Vietnamese War of 982 was a military expedition launched by Vietnamese King Lê Hoàn of Đại Việt against King Jaya Paramesvaravarman I of Champa in 982. It resulted in the defeat of the Cham forces and the death of Paramesvaravarman I in battle. This marked the beginning of a southward Vietnamese advance against Champa.
Khmer–Cham wars were a series of conflicts and contests between states of the Khmer Empire and Champa, later involving Đại Việt, that lasted from the mid-10th century to the early 13th century in mainland Southeast Asia. The first conflict began in 950 AD when Khmer troops sacked the Cham principality of Kauthara. Tensions between the Khmer Empire and Champa reached a climax in the middle of the 12th century when both deployed field armies and waged devastating wars against each other. The conflicts ended after the Khmer army voluntarily retreated from occupying Champa in 1220.
The Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1390) was a costly military confrontation fought between the Đại Việt kingdom under the ruling Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa led by the King of Chế Bồng Nga in the late 14th century, from 1367 to 1390. By 1330s, Đại Việt and Khmer Empire both felt into swiftly declining due to climate changes, population expansion, widespread bubonic plague, famines and many other factions, which contributed to Champa's resurgence of the 14th century. In 1360, Chế Bồng Nga, son of king Chế A Nan was enthroned as king of Champa, reunited the Chams under his banner, and in 1367 he demanded Trần Dụ Tông the return of two former provinces Ô and Lý to Champa. Declined to this demand, Trần Dụ Tông sent an army to strike Champa but was repulsed.
Harivarman III, was a king of Champa, ruled the kingdom from 1007 to 1018.
Rudravarman IV (?–1147) was a king of Champa during the mid-12th century, at mid of the Angkor invasions of Champa. Rudravarman however has never reigned.
Harivarman II, was king of Champa from 988 to 997.
Jaya Simhavarman II, was a king of Champa, supposedly reigning from 1041 to 1044. He succeeded his father Shīlí Pílándéjiābámádié, perhaps Vikrantavarman IV. In late 1042 he sent an envoy with tribute to the court of the Song dynasty.
Jaya Paramesvaravarman I, personal name Īśvaramūrti, was a king of Champa, reigning from 1044 to 1060. He founded a dynasty that centralized around Nha Trang and Phan Rang, which would dominantly rule mandala Champa until 1074.
Rudravarman III was a medieval king of Champa, ruled the kingdom from 1062 to 1069/1074.
Harivarman IV or Prince Thäng (?–1081), Sanskrit name Vishnumürti, was the ruling king of Champa from 1074 to 1080. His father was a noble belonging to the Coconut clan, and his mother was a member of the Areca clan.
Jaya Indravarman III was a king of Champa during the middle of the 12th century.
References
- ↑ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
- 1 2 3 4 Lepoutre, Amandine (2013). "Études du corpus des inscriptions du Campā, IV: Les inscriptions du temple de Svayamutpanna: contribution à l'histoire des relations entre les pouvoirs cam et khmer (de la fin du XIIe siècle au début du XIIIe siècle)". Journal Asiatique. 301 (1): 205–278. doi:10.2143/JA.301.1.2994464.
- ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ↑ Golzio, Karl-Heinz (2004), Inscriptions of Campā based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar. Newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates, Shaker Verlag, pp. 179–180
- ↑ Griffiths, Arlo; Lepoutre, Amandine; Southworth, William A.; Phần, Thành (2009). "Études du corpus des inscriptions du Campa III, Épigraphie du Campa 2009-2010. Prospection sur le terrain, production d'estampages, supplément à l'inventaire" (PDF). Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient . 95–96: 435–497. doi:10.3406/befeo.2008.6118.
- ↑ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. ISBN 9780313296222.
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