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Champa were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is comtemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century AD until 1832, when it was annexed by the Vietnamese Empire under its emperor Minh Mạng. The kingdom was known variously as Nagaracampa, Champa (ꨌꩌꨛꨩ) in modern Cham, and Châmpa (ចាម្ប៉ា) in the Khmer inscriptions, Chiêm Thành in Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and Zhànchéng in Chinese records.
Po Nagar is a Cham temple tower founded sometime before 781 C.E. and located in the medieval principality of Kauthara, near modern Nha Trang in Vietnam. It is dedicated to Yan Po Nagar, the goddess of the country, who came to be identified with the Hindu goddesses Bhagavati and Mahishasuramardini, and who in Vietnamese is called Thiên Y Thánh Mẫu.
Indravarman VI, Ba Dich Lai, Chang-pa-ti-lai, Virabhadravarman, or Ngauk Klaung Vijaya was a king of Champa, ruling from 1400 to 1441. He took the regnal name Indravarman when crowned in 1432.
Jaya Simhavarman III, Chế Mân (制旻), or Prince Harijit, son of King Indravarman V and Queen Gaurendraksmi, was a king of Champa during a time when the threat of the Mongols was imminent. He held the title the half-king/junior king (arddharāja) on behalf of his father.
Jaya Paramesvaravarman II, born Prince Angsaraja of Turai-vijaya, was the king of Champa from 1220 to 1254. He was the grandson of Jaya Harivarman I, but was raised in the court of Jayavarman VII. He attained the rank of Yuvaraja in 1201, led the Khmer Empire's attack on Dai Viet in 1207. Following the Khmer voluntary evacuation of Champa in 1220, in 1226, Angsaraja took a coronation ceremony (abhiseka) at the city of Vijaya, declaring his regnal name of Jaya Parameśvaravarman "reign with the single parasol over the state of Champa."
The history of Champa begins in prehistory with the migration of the ancestors of the Cham people to mainland Southeast Asia and the founding of their Indianized maritime kingdom based in what is now central Vietnam in the early centuries AD, and ends when the final vestiges of the kingdom were annexed and absorbed by Vietnam in 1832.
Vidyanandana, Shri Suryavarmadeva, or Suryavarman, was a Cham prince in Cambodia, who in 1182 put down a revolt that broke out at Malyang against Jayavarman VII. He arrived in Jayavarman VII's court in 1182 from Tumpraukvijaya, and was educated as a prince "in all branches of knowledge and all weapons". In 1190 he took part in the war against Champa and seized the capital Vijaya, capturing King Jaya Indravarman IV. Adopting the title of Shri Suryavarmadeva, he made himself king of Panduranga. He made Prince In, a brother-in-law of Jayavarman VII, "King Suryajayavarmadeva in the Nagara of Vijaya".
Battle of Tonlé Sap was a battle between Champa and Khmer Empire in 1177.
Khmer–Cham wars were a series of conflicts and contests between states of the Khmer Empire and Champa, later involving Đại Việt, that lasted from the mid-10th century to the early 13th century in mainland Southeast Asia. The first conflict began in 950 AD when Khmer troops sacked the Cham principality of Kauthara. Tensions between the Khmer Empire and Champa reached a climax in the middle of the 12th century when both deployed field armies and waged devastating wars against each other. The conflicts ended after the Khmer army voluntarily retreated from occupying Champa in 1220.
Jaya Indravarman II or Prince Vak (1071–1113), was a king of Champa, ruling the kingdom for two periods, from 1080 to 1081, and from 1086 to until his death in 1113.
Jaya Harivarman I was a Cham noble and King of Champa. Rising to power during the 12th Century Khmer–Cham wars, he spent much of his rule consolidating his control over Champa. He was succeeded by his son, Jaya Harivarman II.
Rudravarman IV (?–1147) was a king of Champa during the mid-12th century, at mid of the Angkor invasions of Champa. Rudravarman however has never reigned.
Harivarman I was the king of Champa from around 802 to 817. During the period from 758 to 859 AD, mandala Champa was collectively called as Huánwáng by the Chinese, which obviously was not the proper name of Champa.
Harivarman II, was king of Champa from 988 to 997.
Jaya Paramesvaravarman I, personal name Īśvaramūrti, was a king of Champa, reigning from 1044 to 1060. He founded a dynasty that centralized around Nha Trang and Phan Rang, which would dominantly rule mandala Champa until 1074.
Rudravarman III was a medieval king of Champa, ruled the kingdom from 1062 to 1069/1074.
Harivarman IV or Prince Thäng (?–1081), Sanskrit name Vishnumürti, was the ruling king of Champa from 1074 to 1080. His father was a noble belonging to the Coconut clan, and his mother was a member of the Areca clan.
Harivarman V or Prince Sundaradeva was a king of Champa. Jaya Indravarman II (1071–1113) ruled thirty years without an heir. Harivarman, a nephew, was appointed as king of mandala Champa. His reign was peaceful; he sent diplomatic missions to the court of the Song dynasty in 1116 and 1120. He was enfeoffed as "Grand Master of the Palace with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon" by the Chinese court, in response.
Jaya Indravarman III was a king of Champa during the middle of the 12th century.
Bhadravarman was a local Cham king of the settlement/city-state of Đồng Dương, which later was renamed to Indrapura by his son Indravarman II. Indravarman obtained the title King of Champa and celebrated his ascension by venerating his ancestry and building temples dedicating for Avalokiteśvara.
References
- ↑ Coedès 1975, p. 152.
- ↑ Coedès 1975, p. 154.
- ↑ Golzio 2004, p. 143.
- ↑ Wade, Geoff (2005). Champa in the Song hui-yao: A draft translation. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 21.
- ↑ Golzio 2004, p. 145.
- ↑ Coedès 1975, p. 155.