Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), is a mixture of single-stranded oligonucleotides that was originally isolated from human placenta, but is more commonly purified from salmon or trout sperm cells since these are an easily processed, readily available source of DNA. PDRN was originally developed in Italy for potential medical applications, though more recent research into its cosmetic uses has mainly been conducted in Japan and South Korea. It is composed of a mixture of DNA fragments with a weight range of approximately 40 kDa to 1500 kDa (peaking around 350kDa in some commercial forms), corresponding to fragments of roughly 50–2000 bases in length. PDRN has antiinflammatory effects, stimulates collagen production and promotes angiogenesis, and is mainly used in cosmetic applications for skin creams with purported anti-wrinkle and anti-aging effects, but may also have medical applications for accelerating wound healing and tissue repair, such as in treatment of tendinopathy and diabetic foot ulcers. The mechanism of action is not well characterised but is thought to involve indirect activation of adenosine A2A receptors, upregulating expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and stimulation of the DNA salvage pathway. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
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