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The Amazon River in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the longest or second-longest river system in the world, a title which is disputed with the Nile.
The Marañón River is the principal or mainstem source of the Amazon River, arising about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, and flowing northwest across plateaus 3,650 m high, it runs through a deeply eroded Andean valley, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes, as far as 5° 36′ southern latitude; from where it makes a great bend to the northeast, and cuts through the jungle Ande in its midcourse, until at the Pongo de Manseriche it flows into the flat Amazon basin. Although historically, the term "Marañón River" often was applied to the river all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, nowadays the Marañón River is generally thought to end at the confluence with the Ucayali River, after which most cartographers label the ensuing waterway the Amazon River.
The Morona River is a tributary to the Marañón River in Peru and Ecuador, and flows parallel to the Pastaza River and immediately to the west of it, and is the last stream of any importance on the northern side of the Amazon before reaching the Pongo de Manseriche.
The Pastaza River also known as the Patate, flowing in Ecuador and Peru is a large tributary to the Marañón River in the northwestern Amazon Basin of South America.
The Pongo de Manseriche is a gorge in northwest Peru. The Marañón River runs through this gorge before it reaches the Amazon Basin.
Amazonas is a department and region in northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, Cajamarca on the west, La Libertad on the south, and Loreto and San Martín on the east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas.
Loreto is Peru's northernmost department and region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest department, slightly larger than Japan; it is also one of the most sparsely populated regions due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest. Its capital is Iquitos.
A water gap is a gap that flowing water has carved through a mountain range or mountain ridge and that still carries water today. Such gaps that no longer carry water currents are called wind gaps. Water gaps and wind gaps often offer a practical route for road and rail transport to cross the mountain barrier.
The Huallaga River is a tributary of the Marañón River, part of the Amazon Basin. Old names for this river include Guallaga and Rio de los Motilones. The Huallaga is born on the slopes of the Andes in central Peru and joins the Marañón before the latter reaches the Ucayali River to form the Amazon. Its main affluents are the Monzón, Mayo, Biabo, Abiseo and Tocache rivers. Coca is grown in most of those valleys, which are also exposed to periodic floods.
The Huambisa, also known as the Wampis, are an indigenous people of Peru and Ecuador. One of the Jivaroan peoples, they speak the Huambisa language and live on the upper Marañón and Santiago rivers. They numbered about 5,000 people in the 1980s.
Sarameriza is a small fluvial port in the department of Loreto. Its place is strategic since it is immediately after the Pongo de Manseriche and therefore it is the first navigable point on the Marañón River on the way to the Amazon River and therefore the city of Iquitos and the border with Brazil. It is located at: 4°33'58.34"S, 77°25'0.98"W, according to Google Earth.
Borja is a settlement in the Datem del Marañón Province of the Loreto Region of Peru. The hamlet is located on the banks of the Marañón River at an elevation of 165 m (541 ft). In 2017 the population was 329. Established in 1619, Borja was one of the first settlements of Spanish colonists in the Amazon lowlands of Peru. Borja became a Roman Catholic mission of the Jesuit Order in 1638. Because of European diseases and enslavement of the indigenous Maina and other ethnic groups, the population of Borja and its vicinity declined from about 3,000 in 1638 to a few hundred by the late 18th century.
The Matsés or Mayoruna are an indigenous people of the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon. Their traditional homelands are located between the Javari and Galvez rivers. The Matsés have long guarded their lands from other indigenous tribes and struggle with encroachment from illegal logging practices and poaching.
Manuel Antonio Mesones Muro was born in Ferreñafe in the Lambayeque Region of Peru. He was one of the pioneers of the exploration of north-eastern Peru and a scientist of many talents - a natural historian, geographer, historian, geologist, archeologist and linguist.
Rondos District is one of seven districts of the province Lauricocha in the Huanuco Region of Peru. The district had an area of 172.7 square kilometres (66.7 sq mi) and a population of 3,798 in 2017. The town of Rondos is the capital of the district and had a population of 826 in 2017. The town is situated on a mesa overlooking the junction of the Lauricocha and Nupe Rivers, 250 metres (820 ft) in elevation below Rondos, to form the Marañon River. The headwaters of both the Lauricocha and Nupe rivers have been proposed as sources of the Amazon River.
Samuel Fritz SJ was a Czech Jesuit missionary, noted for his exploration of the Amazon River and its basin. He spent most of his life preaching to Indigenous communities in the western Amazon region, including the Omaguas, the Yurimaguas, the Aisuare, the Ibanomas, and the Ticunas. In 1707 he produced the first accurate map of the Amazon River, establishing as its source the Marañón.
The main source of the Amazon River, the largest river in the world by discharge, has been a subject of exploring and speculations for centuries and continues to cause arguments even today. Determining the origin of the Amazon River has evoked broad debates among scholars, explorers, and travelers all over the world. Different definitions of a river's source have been used and continue to be used. Generally, four main criteria can be applied to determine the main source of a river: source flow rate, source length, watershed area of the source, and an altitude of its spring. At present, the Amazon River is not considered to have one unique source but a number of headstream areas. These are headwaters of three different Peruvian rivers that can be found in the high Andes: the Marañón, the Apurímac, and the Mantaro.
The Marañón River basin, at a low point in the Andes which made it an attractive location for trade between the Inca Empire and the Amazon basin, once harbored numerous languages which have been poorly attested or not attested at all. Those of the middle reaches of the river, above the Amazon basin, were replaced in historical times by Aguaruna, a Jivaroan language from the Amazon which is still spoken there. The languages further upriver are difficult to identify, due to lack of data. The region was multilingual at the time of the Conquest, and the people largely switched to Spanish rather than to Quechua, though Quechua also expanded during Colonial times.
Juan de Salinas y Loyola was a Spanish discoverer, conqueror and hidalgo belonging to the Alava branch of the House of Hoñaz y Loyola of Azpeitia. He was the governor of Yaguarzongo and Bracamoros and the adelantado of these provinces between 1571 and 1578.
The Pongo de Rentema is a gorge in northwest Peru, located 14 kilometres from the city of Bagua, in the province of the same name in Amazonas Department. The Marañón River runs through this gorge before it reaches the Amazon Basin. It is considered a tourist attraction.
References
- Church, George Earl (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 786–789.
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