Schleswig and Holstein have at different times belonged in part or completely to either Denmark or Germany, or have been virtually independent of both nations. From 1460 until 1864, the King of Denmark was both a Danish Duke of Schleswig and a German Duke of Holstein.[1] After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire on 6 August 1806, Denmark affirmed its possession of Holstein but did not alter its constitution. Napoleon did not touch either Schleswig or Holstein in 1810 when he annexed the rest of northwestern Germany including the Duchy of Lauenburg. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Holstein and Lauenburg became part of the German Confederation, but Schleswig did not.[1] Although Holstein did continue to owe allegiance to the Danish King, in his role as a German duke.[1] The First Schleswig War (1848–1851) was inconclusive, but after the Second Schleswig War of 1864, the Danish King ceded Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein and Lauenburg to Austria. In the Gastein Convention of 14 August 1865, Austria sold Lauenburg to Prussia. Austria lost Holstein to Prussia after the Seven Weeks' War the following year.[2][3][1] Lauenburg was an autonomous duchy until 1 July 1876, when it was incorporated into the Royal Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein.[4] Denmark only regained northern Schleswig after the plebiscite of 1920.[2]
Postal systems in Schleswig and Holstein developed out of the commercial messenger routes of the Hanseatic League that began to be established in the mid 13th century. In the late 16th century these began to be supplemented in Holstein by those of Thurn und Taxis. While the Danish established their initial postal routes in Schleswig and then in Holstein following the order of King Christian IV of 1624. At its greatest extent the Danish post extended through Holstein to Kiel, Lübeck and Hamburg. Originally run as a commercial monopoly, the Danish post was taken over by the government in 1711.[5]
This early post was carried by ship,[6] or on foot, but Danish postal riders were introduced beginning in 1640.
First stamps
The first stamps were issued by Holstein on 15 November 1850 during its brief autonomy in the First Schleswig War. It issued two stamps a blue one schilling stamp, and a rose two schilling stamp. The stamps featured a double-headed eagle surrounding an embossed center with the initials S and H in the upper two corners, respectively. The lower two corners showed the denomination.[7]
The first Danish stamps for use in the Duchy of Schleswig were introduced on 1 May 1851,[8] and on 15 April 1852 they replaced the previous Holstein stamps and were also authorized for use in use in Lauenburg when Holstein's and Lauenburg's postal services were integrated into the Danish Post.[9] However, Lübeck remained independent with its own postal administration, although the Danish postoffice in Lübeck used Danish stamps beginning on 1 August 1855.[10] Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg used Danish stamps until occupied in 1864, and formally detached from Denmark by the Treaty of Vienna signed on 30 October of that year.
Second Schleswig War and under Prussia and Austria
15 May 1864 issue, Michel #7, Scott #18
On 1 March 1864, Holstein, while under occupation by the German Confederation, issued a stamp, denominated 1¼ schillings, in blue and grey, lithographed, imperforate.[11] That same day, the Austrian-Prussian occupying forces in Schleswig issued two stamps inscribed "Herzogth. Schleswig",[12] a 1¼ schilling in green and a four schilling in carmine.[13][14]
Subsequently, on 15 May, the German Confederation administration issued a second stamp in a new design, in blue with rose hatching, which was also 1¼ schillings and imperforate, but produced typographically.[15]
1¼ s. stamp (Scott #4, Michel #9) used in Uetersen, 11 July 1867.
Beginning in February 1865, the joint Prussian-Austrian administration issued a set of five stamps for the combined Schleswig-Holstein, similar to the previous year's issue, but inscribed "Schleswig-Holstein".[16] On 1 November 1865, the newly Prussian only administration of Schlewig issued a set of five in the same denominations, but with the "Herzogth. Schleswig" design and in new colors.[17] The Austrian administration in Holstein in turn issued a set of five stamps inscribed "Herzogth. Holstein" on 1 November 1865.[18] The Austrian administration issued two additional members of that set, a 1¼ schilling brown-lilac in February 1866, and a 2 schilling blue in July 1866.[19] On 1 January 1867, the postal systems of Schleswig and Holstein were integrated into the Prussian postal system and placed under the direction of the postmaster in Kiel.[1] One stamp was issued under the Kiel postmaster, similar to the 1¼ schilling Prussian issue of 1965, inscribed "Herzogth. Schleswig", but in a reddish-lilac with purple, and a color variation of grey-lilac with bluegrey.[20]
Beginning on 1 January 1868, the North German Postal Union (Norddeutscher Postbezirk) was responsible for the mail in Schleswig, Holstein, Lauenburg and Lübeck. They were in the "Northern District" and the stamp values were in groschen and thalers.[21] These stamps were replaced with the stamps of the German Empire inscribed "Deutsches Reich" in 1872.
After World War I, northern and central Schleswig were given the opportunity to vote on whether to become Danish or remain with Germany.[22][23] During the plebiscite period, special stamps were issued in these areas by the Commission Interalliée Slesvig.[23] A regular sets of definitives were issued on 25 January 1920. It consisted of fourteen stamps denominated in German currency with the first ten displaying the Schleswig coat of arms and the Danish name "Slesvig", and the last four a Schleswig landscape, behind the Schleswig lions, with the Danish name "Slesvig". In addition, the commission issued a set of fourteen official stamps for the use of the commission, namely the initial German currency set overprinted with the commission's initials, "C.I.S.".[24][25] Furthermore, three postal cards were issued for the definitive and official series, respectively. The plebiscite in the northern zone (Zone 1) was held on 10 February 1920, and voted to return to Denmark, while on 14 March the southern zone (Zone 2) voted to stay with Germany. The first issue of definitive stamps and the series of official stamps were valid in Zone 1 until 27 May; in Zone2 until 23 June. Beginning on 20 May 1920, the commission issued a second set of fourteen definitives, plus two postal cards, that had the same designs, including the Danish name "Slesvig", but were now denominated in Danish currency and overprinted "Zone 1". They were just for use in Zone 1, and were valid from May until 17 July 1920.[26] Danish stamps became valid on 9 July 1920, and subsequently replaced the Zone 1 stamps. The Danish denominated stamps of Schleswig were not issued without the overprint.
The "C.I.S." overprints have been extensively forged,[24] as have postmarks on the Zone 1 stamps.[27] There is great disparity in the literature about the number of Zone 1 stamps that were actually postally used.[26]
↑ Cornelius, David (2004). An Introduction to the Postal History of Denmark 1624–1950. Bristol, England: Stuart Rossiter Trust Fund. ISBN978-0-9545207-0-0.
↑ Poole, Bertram W. H. (1920). The stamps of Denmark. Portland, Maine: Severn-Wylie-Jewett.
↑ Michel 2009, p.91. Although the 4 rigsbankskilling stamp (Denmark #1), paying the national Danish postage rate was released in Copenhagen on 1 April 1851, it was not authorized for use in Schleswig until 1 May.
↑ This blue and grey stamp occurs with three major variations. Kloetzel 2008c, p.91: Scott #15-#17 and Michel 2009, pp.93–94: Michel #5 Type I & II, and #6.
↑ "Herzogth. Schleswig" is short for Herzogtum Schleswig, or "Duchy of Schleswig".
Kloetzel, James E.; etal., eds. (2008c). "Schleswig-Holstein". Scott 2009 Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. Vol.3 (165thed.). Sidney, Ohio: Scott Publishing Co.ISBN978-0-89487-417-8.
Kloetzel, James E.; etal., eds. (2008e). "Schleswig-Holstein". Scott 2009 Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. Vol.5 (165thed.). Sidney, Ohio: Scott Publishing Co.ISBN978-0-89487-421-5.
Michel (2009). "Altdeutschland (Schleswig-Holstein und Laurenburg)". Michel Deutschland Katalog 2009/2010 (in German). Bund Deutscher Philatelisten. ISBN978-3-87858-044-7.
Further reading
Andersen, Hans (1962). Die Briefmarken von Nord-Schleswig[The Stamps of North Schleswig]. Schriftenreihe Neues Handbuch der Briefmarkenkunde. Vol.8. Frankfurt am Main: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neues Handbuch der Briefmarken. OCLC17178305.
Klauke, Fritz, ed. (1973). Katalog der Poststempel und Entwertungen von Schleswig-Holstein[Catalog of Postmarks and Cancellations of Schleswig-Holstein]. Eckernförde, Germany: AS-HPP.
Correl, Frank D.: The Schleswig Plebiscite of 1920. German Postal Specialist, Volume LII, No. 8, Whole Number 568, September–October 2001, Iola, Wisconsin.
Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig. Its capital city is Kiel; other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg.
Southern Schleswig is the southern half of the former Duchy of Schleswig in Germany on the Jutland Peninsula. The geographical area today covers the large area between the Eider river in the south and the Flensburg Fjord in the north, where it borders Denmark. Northern Schleswig, congruent with the former South Jutland County, forms the southernmost part of Denmark. The area belonged to the Crown of Denmark until Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark in 1864. Denmark wanted to give away the German-speaking Holsten and set the new border at the small river Ejderen. Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck concluded that this justified a war, and even proclaimed it a "holy war". He also turned to the Emperor of Austria, Franz Joseph I of Austria for help. A similar war in 1848 had gone poorly for the Prussians. With Prussia's modern weapons and the help from both the Austrians and General Moltke, the Danish army was destroyed or forced to make a disorderly retreat. And the Prussian-Danish border was moved from the Elbe up in Jutland to the creek Kongeåen.
The Duchy of Schleswig was a duchy in Southern Jutland covering the area between about 60 km north and 70 km (45 mi) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark. The territory has been divided between the two countries since 1920, with Northern Schleswig in Denmark and Southern Schleswig in Germany. The region is also called Sleswick in English.
Herzogtum Lauenburg is the southernmost Kreis, or district, officially called Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg, of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bordered by the district of Stormarn, the city of Lübeck, the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the state of Lower Saxony, and the city state of Hamburg. The district of Herzogtum Lauenburg is named after the former Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg.
South Jutland County is a former county on the south-central portion of the Jutland Peninsula in southern Denmark.
Holstein is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is the southern half of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of Germany.
Bergedorf is the largest of the seven boroughs of Hamburg, Germany, named after Bergedorf quarter within this borough. In 2020 the population of the borough was 130,994.
The Second Schleswig War also sometimes known as the Dano-Prussian War or Prusso-Danish War was the second military conflict over the Schleswig-Holstein Question of the nineteenth century. The war began on 1 February 1864, when Prussian and Austrian forces crossed the border into Schleswig. Denmark fought the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire. Like the First Schleswig War (1848–1852), it was fought for control of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, due to the succession disputes concerning them when the Danish king died without an heir acceptable to the German Confederation. The war started after the passing of the November Constitution of 1863, which integrated the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom in violation of the London Protocol.
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The Gastein Convention, also called the Convention of Badgastein, was a treaty signed at Bad Gastein in Austria on 14 August 1865. It embodied agreements between the two principal powers of the German Confederation, Prussia and Austria, over the governing of the 'Elbe Duchies' of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg.
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The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig. The process was monitored by a commission with representatives from France, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden.
The Province of Schleswig-Holstein was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1868 to 1946.
Southern Jutland is the name for the region south of the Kongeå in Jutland, Denmark and north of the Eider (river) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The region north of the Kongeå is called Nørrejylland, 'Northern Jutland'. Both territories had their own ting assemblies in the Middle Ages. Southern Jutland is mentioned for the first time in the Knýtlinga saga.
Soon after the German Hanseatic League (1241) was founded, regulated messenger routes were developed. In the Free Imperial City of Lübeck, the conveyance of correspondence by letter was supervised by the mercantile council of the Scania Market (Schonenfahrer), which also appointed the messenger master (postmaster) and the remainder of the personnel.
This article is about the postage stamps and postal history of Hamburg from the medieval messengers until the entry of the Hamburg Postal Administration into the Northern German Postal District in 1868.
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Germany and philatelically related areas. The main modern providers of service were the Reichspost (1871–1945), the Deutsche Post under Allied control (1945–1949), the Deutsche Post of the GDR (1949–1990), the Deutsche Bundespost (1949–1995), along with the Deutsche Bundespost Berlin (1949–1990), and are now the Deutsche Post AG.
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