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Engineered wood, also called mass timber, composite wood, human-made wood, or manufactured board, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation to form composite material. The panels vary in size but can range upwards of 64 by 8 feet and in the case of cross-laminated timber (CLT) can be of any thickness from a few inches to 16 inches (410 mm) or more. These products are engineered to precise design specifications, which are tested to meet national or international standards and provide uniformity and predictability in their structural performance. Engineered wood products are used in a variety of applications, from home construction to commercial buildings to industrial products. The products can be used for joists and beams that replace steel in many building projects. The term mass timber describes a group of building materials that can replace concrete assemblies.
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors.
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beams, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile, equilibrium conditions, length, and their material.
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged. Prior to the introduction of modern seismic codes in the late 1960s for developed countries and late 1970s for many other parts of the world, many structures were designed without adequate detailing and reinforcement for seismic protection. In view of the imminent problem, various research work has been carried out. State-of-the-art technical guidelines for seismic assessment, retrofit and rehabilitation have been published around the world – such as the ASCE-SEI 41 and the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE)'s guidelines. These codes must be regularly updated; the 1994 Northridge earthquake brought to light the brittleness of welded steel frames, for example.
Glued laminated timber, commonly referred to as glulam, is a type of structural engineered wood product constituted by layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis. In North America, the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock.
This page is a list of construction topics.
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. It is typically used for headers, beams, rimboard, and edge-forming material. LVL offers several advantages over typical milled lumber: Made in a factory under controlled specifications, it is stronger, straighter, and more uniform. Due to its composite nature, it is much less likely than conventional lumber to warp, twist, bow, or shrink. LVL is a type of structural composite lumber, comparable to glued laminated timber (glulam) but with a higher allowable stress.
Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or collapse in a major earthquake. A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It has to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effects while sustaining an acceptable level of damage.
This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to structural engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of engineers.
Seismic base isolation, also known as base isolation, or base isolation system, is one of the most popular means of protecting a structure against earthquake forces. It is a collection of structural elements which should substantially decouple a superstructure from its substructure that is in turn resting on the shaking ground, thus protecting a building or non-building structure's integrity.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a subcategory of engineered wood with panel product made from gluing together at least three layers of solid-sawn lumber. Each layer of boards is usually oriented perpendicular to adjacent layers and glued on the wide faces of each board, usually in a symmetric way so that the outer layers have the same orientation. An odd number of layers is most common, but there are configurations with even numbers as well. Regular timber is an anisotropic material, meaning that the physical properties change depending on the direction at which the force is applied. By gluing layers of wood at right angles, the panel is able to achieve better structural rigidity in both directions. It is similar to plywood but with distinctively thicker laminations.
Earthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely impervious to earthquake damage, the goal of earthquake engineering is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.
Michael John Nigel Priestley was a New Zealand earthquake engineer. He made significant contributions to the design and retrofit of concrete structures, and developed the first displacement-based method of seismic design.
Bamboo can be utilized as a building material for scaffolding, bridges, houses and buildings. Bamboo, like wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. Bamboo's strength-to-weight ratio is similar to timber, and its strength is generally similar to a strong softwood or hardwood timber.
Anand Swarup Arya (1931-2019) was an Indian structural engineer, known for his expertise in the soil and foundation engineering and earthquake disaster management. He is a former chairman of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Committee on Earthquake Engineering and a recipient of the United Nations Sasakawa Disaster Prevention Award of 1997. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 2002.
A plyscraper, or timber tower is a skyscraper made of wood. They may alternatively be known as mass timber buildings.
cadwork informatik CI AG is a multinational software company headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. It develops and markets software products primarily for the construction industry. These products include timber industry products in computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) as well as products in building information model (BIM) and virtual design and construction (VDC). These products are suitable for designers, structural engineers, construction engineers, civil engineering draftspeople, building contractors, and in the case of BIMTeam VDC, the construction crews.
Brock Commons Tallwood House is an 18-storey student residence at the Point Grey Campus of the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Canada. At the time it was opened, it was the tallest mass timber structure in the world.
BNZ Harbour Quays was a large office building on the waterfront in Wellington, New Zealand. It was built in 2009 and leased to the Bank of New Zealand, but suffered earthquake damage in the 2013 Seddon earthquake and the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. The building was demolished in 2019.
Post-tensioned stone is a high-performance composite construction material: stone held in compression with tension elements. The tension elements can be connected to the outside of the stone, but more typically uses tendons threaded internally through a duct formed from aligned drilled holes.
References
- ↑ Below, K. and Sarti, F. (2016). "Cathedral Hill 2: the lateral design of a tall all-timber building". World Conference of Timber Engineering.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Buchanan, A., Deam, B., Fragiacomo, M., Pampanin, S. and Palermo, A. (2008). "Multi-Storey Prestressed Timber Buildings in New Zealand". Structural Engineering International. 18 (2): 166–173. doi:10.2749/101686608784218635. S2CID 108815226.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., Buchanan, A. and Newcombe, M. (2005). Seismic Design of Multi-Storey Buildings using Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL). New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Conference, Wairakei, New Zealand.
- ↑ Prestressed Timber Limited (2007). An engineered wood construction system for high performance structures. Application Number 549029. New Zealand Intellectual Property Office.
- ↑ Priestley, M.J.N. (1991). Overview of PRESSS Research Program. PCI Journal 36(4): 50-57.
- ↑ STIC (2013). Design Guide Australia and New Zealand - Post-Tensioned Timber Buildings. Structural Timber Innovation Company, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- ↑ Wanninger, F. and Frangi, A. (2014). Experimental Analysis of a Post-tensioned Timber Connection. Materials and Joints in Timber Structures: Recent Developments of Technology. Editors S. Aicher, H. W. Reinhardt and H. Garrecht. Springer Netherlands: 57-66, Dordrecht.
- ↑ Smith, T., Ponzo, F.C., Di Cesare, A., Pampanin, S., Carradine, D., Buchanan, A.H. and Nigro, D. (2014). Post-Tensioned Glulam Beam-Column Joints with Advanced Damping Systems: Testing and Numerical Analysis. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 18(1): 147-167.
- ↑ Ganey, R.S. (2015). Seismic Design and Testing of Rocking Cross Laminated Timber Walls. PhD Thesis, University of Washington. Washington, WA.
- ↑ Pei, S., Lindt, J.W.v.d., Ricles, J., Sause, R., Berman, J., Ryan, K., Dolan, J.D., Buchanan, A., Robinson, T., McDonnell, E., Blomgren, H., Popovski, M. and Rammer, D. (2017). Development and full - scale validation of resilience - based seismic design of tall wood buildings: the NHERI Tallwood Project. New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Wellington.