Protein-sparing modified fast

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A protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) is a type of a very-low-calorie diet (<800 kcal per day) with a high proportion of protein calories and simultaneous restriction of carbohydrate and fat. [1] It includes a protein component, fluids, and vitamin and mineral supplementation. [2] [3]

Contents

PSMF diets can last for up to 6 months, followed by a gradual increase in calories over 6–8 weeks. [2]

Description

A PSMF attempts to spare the dieter the health risks of a complete fast by introducing the minimum amount of protein necessary to prevent muscle-wasting effects, while still eliminating fats and carbohydrates. [4] Typically, depending on activity level, 0.8–1.2 g of protein per pound of lean body mass (not total body weight) is consumed. Protein beyond this minimum amount is also eliminated, as the body would use it for energy in a process called gluconeogenesis. [5] Further lean body mass (muscle, organs, etc.) are spared through resistance training and limiting aerobic activity. [6] [7]

History

The Last Chance Diet

The concept of "protein-sparing modified fast" (PSMF) was described by George Blackburn in the early 1970s as an intensive weight-loss diet designed to mitigate the harms associated with protein-calorie malnutrition [8] and nitrogen losses induced by either acute illness or hypocaloric diets in patients with obesity, in order to adapt the patient's metabolism sufficiently to use endogenous fat stores as well as to preserve the protein contained in the body cell mass. [9] [10]

The "liquid protein" PSMF diet described in the book The Last Chance Diet in 1976, [11] motivates that the liquid protein diets of varying composition became widely popular. Three years later, in 1979, Isner published a report of 17 deaths associated with low-quality liquid protein VLCD, due to heart-related causes. [12] These serious effects caused a substantial concern about the safety of clinical use of PSMF and VLCD. As a result, a review was published that highlighted the differences with these low-quality liquid protein diets and emphasized the importance of close medical monitoring during the fast and refeeding periods. [13]

Modern PSMF diets

Instead of hydrolyzed collagen, modern medically-supervised PSMF diets include foods of higher biological value, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and/or tofu. [2] PSMF is used as a treatment for highly motivated patients to achieve rapid weight loss and usually is administered for 6 – 16 weeks. [10] [14]

Before an individual starts a PSMF diet, their doctor should order an electrocardiogram, to check for signs of heart disease and also will prescribe specific vitamins minerals and electrolytes to be taken daily as long as the diet persists. [2] [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Atkins diet Low-carbohydrate fad diet devised by Robert Atkins

The Atkins diet is a low-carbohydrate fad diet devised by Robert Atkins in the 1970s, marketed with claims that carbohydrate restriction is crucial to weight loss and that the diet offered "a high calorie way to stay thin forever".

Weight loss Reduction of the total body mass

Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat, or lean mass. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally because of malnourishment or an underlying disease, or from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as slimming.

Low-carbohydrate diet Diets restricting carbohydrate consumption

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Weight gain

Weight gain is an increase in body weight. This can involve an increase in muscle mass, fat deposits, excess fluids such as water or other factors. Weight gain can be a symptom of a serious medical condition.

Calorie restriction is a dietary regimen that reduces food intake without incurring malnutrition. "Reduce" can be defined relative to the subject's previous intake before intentionally restricting food or beverage consumption, or relative to an average person of similar body type.

Healthy diet Type of diet

A healthy diet is a diet that maintains or improves overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, macronutrients such as protein, micronutrients such as vitamins, and adequate fibre and food energy.

Underweight Below a weight considered healthy

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Protein–energy malnutrition Medical condition

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Low-fat diet

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References

  1. ↑ Bal, Bikram S.; Finelli, Frederick C.; Koch, Timothy R. (19 April 2012), "Nutritional Requirements of the Critically Ill Obese Patient", Critical Care Management of the Obese Patient, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 186–194, doi:10.1002/9781119962083.ch21, ISBN   9781119962083
  2. 1 2 3 4 Chang, J; Kashyap, SR (September 2014). "The protein-sparing modified fast for obese patients with type 2 diabetes: what to expect". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 81 (9): 557–65. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13128. PMID   25183847. S2CID   4345893.
  3. ↑ Gilman SL (2007). "Linn, Robert (1933–)". Diets and Dieting: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-135-87068-3.
  4. ↑ Cleveland Clinic Foundation (22 January 2016). "The Protein-Sparing Modified Fast Diet". Global Pediatric Health. 3: 2333794X15623245. doi:10.1177/2333794X15623245. PMC   4784653 . PMID   27335996.
  5. ↑ Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC (2013). "Dietary protein and the blood glucose concentration". Diabetes. 62 (5): 1371–2. doi:10.2337/db12-1829. PMC   3636610 . PMID   23613553.
  6. ↑ Manninen, Anssi (2006). "Very-low-carbohydrate diets and preservation of muscle mass". Nutr Metab (Lond). 3: 9. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-3-9. PMC   1373635 . PMID   16448570.
  7. ↑ Bryner, Randy (1999). "Effects of Resistance vs. Aerobic Training Combined With an 800 Calorie Liquid Diet on Lean Body Mass and Resting Metabolic Rate". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 18 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1080/07315724.1999.10718838. PMID   10204826 . Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  8. ↑ praktischabnehmen (26 November 2021). "Protein-calorie malnutrition" (in German).
  9. ↑ Blackburn, C. L.; Flatt, J. P.; Clowes, G. H. A.; Oʼdonnell, T. F.; Hensle, T. E. (May 1973). "Protein Sparing Therapy during Periods of Starvation with Sepsis or Trauma". Annals of Surgery. 177 (5): 588–94. doi:10.1097/00000658-197305000-00012. ISSN   0003-4932. PMC   1355601 . PMID   4634108.
  10. 1 2 Thomas, Dylan D.; Istfan, Nawfal W.; Bistrian, Bruce R.; Apovian, Caroline M. (February 2018). "Protein sparing therapies in acute illness and obesity: a review of George Blackburn's contributions to nutrition science". Metabolism. 79: 83–96. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.020. PMC   5809291 . PMID   29223678.
  11. ↑ Engelman, Ralph (July 1989). "Joseph C. Goulden. Fit to Print: A.M. Rosenthal and His Times". American Journalism. 6 (3): 202–204. doi:10.1080/08821127.1989.10731199. ISSN   0882-1127.
  12. ↑ Isner, J M; Sours, H E; Paris, A L; Ferrans, V J; Roberts, W C (December 1979). "Sudden, unexpected death in avid dieters using the liquid-protein-modified-fast diet. Observations in 17 patients and the role of the prolonged QT interval". Circulation. 60 (6): 1401–1412. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.60.6.1401 . ISSN   0009-7322. PMID   498466.
  13. ↑ Bistrian, Bruce R. (17 November 1978). "Clinical Use of a Protein-Sparing Modified Fast". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 240 (21): 2299–302. doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03290210081040. ISSN   0098-7484. PMID   702762.
  14. ↑ Cleveland Clinic Foundation (28 March 2018). "Study: PSMF Diet Shown To Provide Long-term Weight Loss".
  15. ↑ Center for Value-Based Care Research (8 January 2020). "The Effect of Starting the Protein-Sparing Modified Fast on Weight Change over 5 years". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 35 (3): 704–710. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05535-0. PMC   7080885 . PMID   31916212.
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